Joomla File Upload Plugin

File  Upload  Plugin  user  manual Thank  you  for  downloading  and  use  the  file  upload  plugin  for  Joomla! ,  the  usage  of  this  extensions  is  so  simple,  you   only  need  to  activate  the  plugin  in  the  backend  and  then  open  one  published  article  and  type  at  the  bottom  {upload}   (this  especial  word  can  be  changed  in  the  plugin  parameters  for  compatibility  with  other  possible  extensions). Once  you  or  your  users  are  logued  in  the  public  front ­end  the  input  field  turn  to  visible,  if  not,  Ã‚  a  nice  message  invite   your  guest  to  register. Fig  1. If  the  user  is  a  guest  only  view  a  styled  messageFig  2. Once  the  users  are  logued  the  plugin  works  with  the  file  manager  activa te This  are  the  mandatory  steps,  later  you  can  change  many  parameters  in  the  back ­end,  this  parameters  are  explained  now: Fig  3. The  general  settings †¢ †¢ At  the  first  time  we  can  hide  or  show  the  bbcode  {upload}  when  the  plugin  are  deactivated. We  can  enable  the  mailing  system  to  notify  the  administrator  in  every  new  file  uploaded,  if  this  system  is   enabled  since  version  1. 6. 1  we  can  add  a  new  email  address  and  decide  if  the  message  are  in  html  or  text/plain   format.The  bbcode  word  by  default  {upload}  can  change  by  others,  perhaps  this  bbcode  crash  with  other  plugins,  if  so,   change  this  word  by  anyone. When  the  system  try  to  create  the  needed  str ucture  folder  you  can  decide  the  permissions  by  default  0777. The  size  of  the  input  field. The  button  value The  class  of  the  button,  by  default  Ã¢â‚¬Å"button†,  this  is  the  default  class  in  joomla! But  you  can  change  to  other. Equal  to  button  class  but  now  for  the  input  field The  maxlenght  permitted  in  the  input  field The  allowed  mime ­types,  you  can  type  as  many  as  you  want  separated  by  commas,  the  system  compare  this  list

Contribution of Great Philosopher Jyotirao Phule Essay

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was a great activist, thinker, social reformer, writer and philosopher. He contributed in flelds like education, agriculture, women and widow upliftment. DhananJay Keer, his biographer, mentions him as â€Å"the father of Indian social revolution† Source of Inspiration After being insulted at wedding of a Brahmin friend, Jyotirao decided to defy the caste system. He served Shudras and women who were deprived of all their rights as human beings. Social Actlvlsm He opened girl’s school in August 1848. As no teacher dared to work in a school in which untouchables were admitted as students, he educated his wife, Savitrlbai, and enabled her to teach the girls. On 24 September 1873, Jyotlrao formed ‘Satya Shodhak Samar. Maln objective of the organization was to liberate Shudras and Ati Shudras. Contributions in Primary Education Jyotirao was not satisfied with the quality of primary education imparted. Therefore, he came up with a list of actions to Improve It. Curriculum & Role of Teacher 1 OF3 Wanted curriculum should be utilitarian and practical so as to cover the needs of the society. Formulated the course content and included reading, writing, accounts, general history, general geography, grammar, elementary knowledge of agriculture and a few lessons on moral duties and sanitation. Teachers to be properly trained and certified. Teachers should mix with students freely and understand their wants and desires. Role of Governing Body Upgraded the supervising agency to have better monitoring over these primary schools. Compelled municipalities to maintain all the primary schools within their respective limits. Worked to get adequate grants for primary schools from provincial funds. Recommended that Government should formulate the scheme of scholarships and rewards for the needy and deserving students. Disbelieved in vedas He was criticized in disbelieving in vedas. He considered Vedas as ‘idle fantasies’ as ‘palpably absurd legends’. He considered Vedas a form of false consciousness’. He maintained that at the root of all calamities was the blind faith that religious books were created or inspired by god. All established religious and priestly classes find this blind faith useful for their purposes and they try their best to defend it. Criticized caste system Phule preferred British rule to the regime of the Brahmins. He was aware of the shortcomings of the former and he never hesitated to point them out openly. His mission was to bring about an egalitarian society where all men and women would enjoy liberty; Phule criticized the contemporary rulers if he felt that their policies went against lower caste, whether it was educational policy. the pernicious system of high class education. He complained against the government in neglecting the downtrodden masses. Conclusion Throughout his life, Jyotirao Phule fought for the emancipation of the downtrodden eople and the struggle, which he launched at a young age ended only when he died on 28th November, 1890. Though he was often accused of fomenting hatred between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins, very rarely an attempt was made to consider his scathing criticism in a broad perspective. The later generations also took considerable time to understand and appreciate the profound significance of his unflinching espousal of the ‘rights of man’ which remained till the end of his life a major theme of his writings and a goal of his actions.

Free Will in Experimental Philosophy Essay

Although the â€Å"free will† problem envelops a spectrum of ideas, I agree with the following belief: â€Å"The folk are compatibilists about free will. † While there are, of course, incompatibilists and indeterminists, for the most part, the general population consists of compatibilists. Now, I know experimental philosophy has a problem with the use of generalizations without actual statistics, but throughout this paper, I will explain exactly why the world revolves in a generally compatibilist manner. Firstly, to speak of compatibilism, you’d have to assume that the world is deterministic, meaning that everything that happens from here on out, including human action, is caused by the facts of everything that has happened before it. With that assumption in mind, compatibilist believe that we still have free will as long as we aren’t operating under external limitations. The problem with that is that although compatibilists believe we are free, there is still disagreement on just exactly how free we may be, which is the weak spot indeterminists and incompatibilists use to try to break the argument. One nature of compatibilism is referred to as classic compatibilism. This means that we’d be acting freely as long as we, without being impeded by any outside force, take a course of action that we personally choose for ourselves. These compatibilists believe that it is the presence of impediments such as â€Å"physical restraints, lack of opportunity, duress or coercion, physical or mental impairment, and the like† that would cause us to not act freely (Caruso, 2012). However, this line of reasoning is not accepted by those who support the Consequence Argument. In the simplest terms, this argument states that no one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature. Also, no one has power over the fact that the facts of the past and the laws of nature entail every fact of the future (i. e. , determinism is true). Because of that, no one has power over the facts of the future (McKenna, 2004). Compatibilists respond to this by saying that the focal point should be the differentiation between free and un-free, and not by the absence of causes. Other philosophers argue that we act freely when our first order and second order desires become aligned. Because our mental processes are more developed than those of younger children and simpler animals, we have the rationale to decide whether our instincts or raw desires should be acted upon. That rationale is referred to as the second order desires (Frankfurt, 1971). For example, Chris is at the bar with his girlfriend Ana. While Chris has stepped away to the restroom, Jose approaches Ana and flirts with her in a manner that she does not feel comfortable with. Once out of the bathroom, Chris sees this. Enraged, he initially wants to go and physically put Jose in his place. In spite of this, he remembers that he is up for a promotion at work, and getting into a bar fight probably won’t help his chances of receiving it. He tells Ana to collect her things. They leave. What we see here is the protagonist, Chris, experiencing first order desires that make him want to hurt Jose. His second order desires are what tell him that although he is feeling those first order desires, his second order desires are not in agreement and therefore, he shouldn’t act on them. Although some compatibilists seem to be satisfied with this reasoning because it justifies the causation of our actions, it doesn’t explain whether our thoughts and desires are consequences of the past as well. An example would be that Kate feels the desire to take a run in the park and does so. Yet, if determinism is true, which compatibilists believe it is, she is already determined to feel that way, and although she may want to feel that way, without any outside force acting on her she is not free (McKenna, 2004). Her first order and second order desires may even align, but without the ability to do otherwise, due to determinism, she would not be free. Even so, compatibilist Michael Levin says â€Å"minding or accepting one’s desires is as much an effect of past causes as the desires themselves,† but if our internal desires are causally determined, they cannot also be free. All it would be is a different form of causality (Caruso, 2012). Nevertheless, compatibilists argue that it isn’t necessary for an individual to have been able to do otherwise (Nahmias, Stephen, Nadelhoffer, & Turner, 2005). If there were the choices of A through Z and someone that could manipulate me into doing A that would do so if I didn’t do it on my own, I would still have free will if I picked A without the manipulation. In this case, compatibilist see me as having had free will because I chose A on my own. My 1st order desires were aligned with my 2nd and that is why A happened. If I had been manipulated to do so, then the problem of free will would once again come into question, but being that the manipulator is fairly irrelevant to the story since I acted on my own accord, and would have done the same thing without the potential manipulative factor. Also, there a couple of studies done to determine what relationship non-philosophers believed existed between free will, determinism, and moral responsibility. In Study 1, there were three scenarios. Scenario 1 was negative. Scenario 2 was positive, and Scenario 3 was neutral. In all three cases, between 68 – 79% of folk said there was free will. While there were some fluctuations in percentages when it came to the association between free will and the ability to choose otherwise, the amount of participants making judgments that disagreed with incompatibilism was two to three times greater than those that followed along with incompatibilist intuitions. This study was supported by their second study. In this study, they tell the subjects that everything in the universe is caused completely by their genes and environment. The scenario takes twins, Fred and Barney, and places Fred with the Jerksons and Barney with the Kindersons. One day they both find a wallet with $1000. Fred keeps it, while Barney returns it to its rightful owner. When polling the participants, 76% said they both acted on their own free will and could have done otherwise. This shows that the majority of folk believe that compatibilism is true, and while external factors and facts of the past might influence the choice making process, it does not define it; therefore we are free within the confines of a determined universe (Nahmias, Stephen, Nadelhoffer, & Turner, 2005). Now, why do I personally find â€Å"the folk are compatibilist about free will† to be true? Aside from the aforementioned statistics, the reason is that if we did not find a middle ground between free will and determinism, we wouldn’t do any of the things we do. Everything from the grading systems used in schools to receiving a promotion at work all the way to fighting wars is done in a compatibilist manner. The premise of all these concepts is the idea that if you choose do X, having the option of Y, Z will happen. If you work hard enough in school (X), you will receive good grades (Z), even though you can just be lazy (Y). If you are the most productive and pleasant at your job (X), you will receive a promotion (Z). If we go into a war (X), we have the chance of winning (Z). While all the factors in each of those scenarios might have also been determined, there is no reason for us to feel disappointment when we really studied but still managed to only get a B on a test or when we lose troops across seas. Though the previous paragraph does explain that folk believe in free will, it doesn’t explain why folk have the compatibilist view of free will. The reasoning for that is because while compatibilists believe that you can control some aspects of your life, you can’t control all of them. As Michael Levin said, â€Å"Compatibilist usually agree that free will does require behavior at least to be determined, since you cannot freely do what is beyond your control. † For example, we are born and we die. The sun rises. The sun sets. We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. There are certain laws of physics that we must adhere to. Some will argue that we believe those to be stable laws of how the universe will operate, but only because that’s what it’s done until now. Tomorrow we might not have the sun rise, and tomorrow we might inhale carbon monoxide and exhale nitrogen. However, since certain things have been fixed for a trustworthy amount of time, we, the folk, have accepted it as determined facts of the universe. The determined factors of the universe are the skeleton upon which we place the flesh that is our free will. ? References Caruso, G. D. (2012). The Folk Psychology of Free Will: Arguement Against Compatibilism. Kriterion – Journal of Philosophy, 26, 56-89. Frankfurt, H. G. (1971, January 14). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The Journal of Philosophy, 5-20. McKenna, M. (2004, April 26). Compatibilism. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/compatibilism/ Nahmias, E. , Stephen, M. , Nadelhoffer, T. , & Turner, J. (2005, October). Surverying Freedom: Folk Intuitions about Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Philosophical Psychology, 18(5), 561 – 584.

Theory X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory X - Essay Example One of the best views of these is that provided by Bobic and Davis. The authors have brought out excellent views on how the Theory X and Theory Y operate within companies. As explained by Bobic and Davis, â€Å"We conclude with a comment on what all this might mean for the future of management. If people are different (some adaptive and others innovative) and personality is relatively invariant, then the management task becomes increasingly complex† (Bobic & Davis, 2003). I completely agree with their views and believe that in the current times, the main reason that might cause a management for fail is due to the use of a single approach of management. It is essential to note, with the changing times and with the high levels of competition that is currently prevalent in the markets, it is now a necessity for the managers to not only focus on one method of management. The needs and working styles of employees are very different and a single office can have a wide range of characters including those who are very adaptive to those who are very innovative. Hence it is the duty of the managers to use this as a chance of training themselves to meet the varying needs and not to stick to a single theory. An excellent example of this is the case of my previous job. I worked there part time, and my manager (knowingly or unknowingly) followed to the point, the theory X. There was always an environment of discomfort in the environment and despite having some of the best in his team; the manager was unable to run the team effectively. The employees in his team included people with great insights, interest in their jobs and a strong level of dedication. However due to the behavior of the manager, a number of people started to quit their jobs only to get better jobs in better companies. Considering the impact that Bobic and Davis have had on Theory X and Y, it is essential to note that in the current times, leaders cannot be one who

Operational Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operational Plan - Essay Example Smart Pay acts as the intermediary between these business associations, because it holds money for the buyers and seller alike. Smart Ville is a very large company, and it has employed over 5000 direct employees in the countries in which it operates. The company also has agencies, and through its agencies, the company has employed over 7000 people. On this basis, the total number of people employed by Smart Ville is 12,000 people. The headquarters of Smart Ville is found in California, and it is at this place that all the senior management of the company is found. The mission of Smart Ville is to make it possible for people to communicate across the world in a fast, efficient, and affordable manner. The vision of the company is to be a leading company in providing services in telecommunication. The company aims to control 6o% of the telecommunications market in the world. The company values honesty, integrity and kindness amongst its employees, and any person that is dealing with the company. The head of this company is the president. The president of the company is elected by the organizations share holders, and he normally serves a period of three year, before he or she is then elected. The president has the duty of directing all the employees of an organization into implementing and undertaking the various policies of the organization (Strydom, 69). Furthermore, the president oversees other heads of department in the creation of the long term strategies of the company. This includes in production, as well as marketing strategies. Furthermore, the president of this company is responsible for reviewing the financial statements of each and every department of the organization, for purposes of ensuring that these departments work within their established budgets. It is also the responsibility of the president of the company to communicate new policies, or a shift in the managerial style of the company.

Global Warming Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Global Warming Regulations - Essay Example Industrial revolution has given birth to different human activities that are involved in burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for the purpose of obtaining energy. Carbon is an important ingredient of the fuels that are burnt for getting energy (Richard C. Rockwell, 1998). This burning is the primary source of emission of different green gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). The emission of these different gases is closely related with the pollution released in to the atmosphere. In this process some other gases like Carbon monoxide; nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are also produced as result of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in fuels of automobiles (Sandra L. Justus, 1998). This type of auto emission generates carbon monoxide which is a big challenge for the global warming (Steven J. Moss and Richard J. McCann, 1993). At present motor vehicles produce about 60 percent of the nationwide total carbon monoxide (E NS News, 2003) and in some cities it is as high as 95 percent. This colorless, odorless but deadly harmful gas is also produced by the industrial processes, non transportation fuel use and wildfires (Sandra L. Justus, 1998). In order to curb the global warming, the US government has attempt... These regulations are directly affecting the functions and business of Emission Trading markets. The current discussion about the government regulations on carbon monoxide emission will focus on the negatives effects of carbon monoxide that are main cause of these regulations and the impact of these regulations on the Emission trading markets. Moreover we will trace the negative and positive effects of previous regulations so that we can have a clear picture in front of us that can help in predicting the effects and outcomes of the current regulations. Reasons behind the Regulations US Government has enacted the regulation on the emission of carbon monoxide. This decision is effected by several factors. Among them the poisonous effects of carbon monoxide on human health are very important. The other reasons include the safety from air pollution, political pressure etc. Carbon monoxide and Human Health The negative impact of carbon monoxide on the public health is an important reason behind that. Carbon monoxide is the most toxic substance that people come in contact in their daily lives. When carbon monoxide is produced in large amount it remains present around the people at different places. It has some negative impacts on the human health and it can affect the people at their work places, homes, garage, cars, caravan and boat (IAPA, 2006). When people inhale carbon monoxide, it passes through the respiratory system and goes to the lungs from where it passes directly in to the bloodstreams through the air sacs. Carbon monoxide affects the functions of blood and stop oxygen to reach the body tissues and insufficient

Postmodern Art and Graffiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Postmodern Art and Graffiti - Essay Example The essay "Postmodern Art and Graffiti" investigates postmodern art and graffiti as a movement. Many critics believed that postmodern art emerged out of modern art. One of the characteristic features of postmodern art is that it uses High and Low Cultures through pop culture imagery and industrial material. Simply put, post modern art can be defined as one that rejects modernism’s artistic direction and eliminates the limits between high and low forms of art, and an unruly genre’s reunion with fragmentation, collage, and convention. Postmodern art is also described as being discontinued and spoof, rather than being spontaneous and direct. Essential movement that led to and I influenced postmodern art evolved around World War I and its outcome. Many different movements and art forms came into existence during the postmodern era. Some of these include Neo-Expressionism, Surrealism, Briart, Fluxus, and the like. Some of the movements that were a part of the postmodern era were New Classicism, Conceptual Art, Lowbrow Art, Installation Art, and the like. In 1980’s painting was rediscovered in modern art. It was a reaction to the uninteresting conceptual art movements. In 80’s spray paint cans were used to express the strong wish for uniqueness. Egos were involved and artists thought everything was possible. At the time of Martin Luther King, March in 1960’s the Graffiti Art Movement had come into existence and after his murder in 1968 youngsters started to bombard the trains with their autographs.

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion Question - Assignment Example It should focus on environmental constraints from an approach of cross-media. Environmental Protection Agency should start up a local management system which will better be able to deal with the issues of cross-media over the areas that are affected. Congress should build up and also fund an autonomous bureau of information on environment or data which will be peripheral to the Environmental Protection Agency which will review the environmental state and also give a profound insight into the media programs of Environmental Protection Agency. (EPA, 2012) The current policies of Environmental Protection Agency should be evaluated as well, mainly the policies concerning the scientific usage as it is a very critical issue for the company. Environmental Protection Agency should also think about the recruitment of a â€Å"czar† of science which will be a further implication to the organizational structure of Environmental Protection Agency so that the reliability upon science will be enhanced.

Short answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short answers - Essay Example An economist would advice a firm making accounting profits to close down because accounting profits is arrived at by subtracting only explicit costs from the total revenue. This rejects implicit costs hence inaccuracy of the profits (Aspers, 2011). (b) Why normal profit is the long run outcome for a firm under perfect competition When a firm is making economic profits, other firms will find the markets competitive hence mass entry into the market. This causes the supply curve to shift to the right, which results into a drop of the prices hence profits, are cancelled. The firm will in the end exhibit normal profits as an outcome under perfect competition (Aspers, 2011). (c) Characteristics of both monopolistic and monopoly competition, their advantages and disadvantages Characteristics of monopolistic competition are; there exist a large number of buyers and sellers, they exhibit price differentiation, free entry and exit of firms and high selling costs are incurred. Monopoly on the o ther hand exhibits characteristics such as the existence of only one firm in the market; they are price takers since they are the only producers. They have the advantage of controlling the whole market and therefore dictate the prices. The only disadvantage is that they are constrained by their own demand curves. Monopolistic case has several advantages; the most peculiar is that they are able to command a large market base. The market is disadvantaged in that stiff competition may threaten its operations in the market (Aspers, 2011). 4. (a) Graph of Fiscal policy and deflationary gap Deflationary gap happens when the actual output (Y) is below the natural output (Yn); this is as shown in the figure above. To correct the deflationary gap expansionary fiscal policy has to be used. The government does this through increasing government spending; alongside this, the government taxation has to be reduced. The result of employing the expansionary fiscal policy acts to shift the aggregate demand curve to coincide with the natural output and therefore real GDP is increased. Deflationary gap is caused when the investment spending goes down hence it is simply solved when the government increases it investment spending such as spending on infrastructure (Buti, 2003). (b) How fiscal and monetary used to address deflationary gap affects balance of payment Fiscal policy tools used to such as increased taxation will make the costs of local goods to be expensive. When the local goods become expensive balance shifts from favoring importation. When imports are more than exports, there is unfavorable balance of payment, which is harmful to the economy. In addition, monetary policies to correct deflationary gap is that aimed at increasing money supply, which leads to an increase in prices. Increase in prices causes local goods to be equally expensive leading to increased importation hence unfavorable balance of payment. Such negative impacts of balance of payment occur when the economy is at the helm of growth (Buti, 2003). 6. (a) Reasons for holding money There are three major reasons for holding money; transactionery motive, precautionary motive and speculative motive. For transactionery motive, money is held to undertake daily transactions mostly on basics. Money is also held to handle any future unfortunate occurrences anticipated in the future. Speculators are investors who anticipate that assets will be attractive in the near future hence hold money to take advantage of such (Dobeck, MF &

Importance of Professionalising HRM in Hotel Industry Essay - 20

Importance of Professionalising HRM in Hotel Industry - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that each department requires personnel to operate and mange the different types of customers. Thus, there is a need for HRM in a hotel because every aspect in a hotel is concerned with handling people. A HRM professional can understand the needs and preferences of employees and can handle the employee related problems quite efficiently than others. From the provided case, it can be observed that it is a challenge for Happy Hotels to recruit, develop and maintain workforce which is significant for the hotel because a good motivated workforce is the key for providing high quality services to the sensitive customers. The approaches undertaken by Happy Hotels are quite different than the other high cost hotel services. It provides customers with excellent services, comfortable rooms, and good meals with minimal budget than other high cost hotel such as Premium Inn or Holiday Inn. Thus, the job description in Happy Hotels needs range of skills and qualities. The employees must have knowledge to interact with various customers who can impact the HRM strategies such as recruitment and training of employees. HRM can broadly manage the employees in Happy Hotels and can aid the hotels to pursue their path towards achieving success. There are many reasons for professionalising HRM in the expansion of hotel group. Every hotel seeks to dev elop their services which can differentiate them from other competitors. Thus, a hotel will always endeavour to focus on providing customers any product or service which is new and innovative. The employees of the hotels will play one of the major roles in fulfilling this endeavour of the hotels. Thus, the employees need to learn behaviour such as readiness to tolerate uncertainty and changeability. They need to take risks. A highly skilled HR individual can help to achieve high level of autonomy in a hotel.

Cultural Differences as an Issue of the Past Essay Example for Free

Cultural Differences as an Issue of the Past Essay In the daily lives of individuals cultural challenges is often experienced. It is known that due to migration various ethnicities have already been present in the American Society. For such reason, more and more foreigners are able to work, live and be naturalized as American citizens. Although these migrants are able adapt to the lifestyle of Americans, their ethnic culture still remain within their norms, values and culture. Therefore in this situation the American cultures as well as the native culture of the immigrants are mixed. Although such situation is believed not post any concerns, it had been proven by many analysts, authors and other individuals that cultural challenges are very much present in the society. Culture is known to be the way of life of a person. Therefore, culture defines a person. However, what if a person has a variety of culture surrounding him or her? How does he or she deal with such given situation? Diversity, as said by Thomas Sowell is a concept wherein used by many individuals. But still, the authors believe that no person truly has a grasp of the real meaning of diversity. He utilized the example of the American people acknowledging the 4th of July as their day of independence yet no one truly sees the importance of such day. Moreover, it leads to an extensive criticism to the United States of America. In short, more and more people recognize that there is diversity but a few only know the significance of such word. (Sowell 2008) From my personal perspective, people are currently in the mode of shifting beliefs due to the fact that diversity is still a new concept being learned by many. In the United States, there had been many immigrants accepting their green cards therefore acquiring all the rights and legitimacy as an American citizen. Most of such immigrants already have their whole family with them. Yet, the concept of having to life with other cultural norms except the American culture is still not fully accepted by many Americans. For most Americans the United States is for natural born Americans only but due to the concept of globalization and diversity such situation cannot be hindered. Therefore, diversity and cultural challenges should be accepted and resolved. Similar to what the article of Carole Parker, differences should be managed in order to crate a peaceful society. (Parker 2008) In addition to the concepts of diversity, concerns regarding the combination of cultures are an issue raised. Given that there are Asian, Hispanics, African-Americans, white Americans and other ethnicities present in the United States, cultures of all these ethnic backgrounds will naturally collide with each other due to its variations. However organizations and individuals must learn that differences as only challenges that are needed to be faced in order for them to fully integrate the society into a peaceful and diverse state. In conclusion, the cultural challenges are truly present in the society due to the diverse norms and traditions which is currently present. Through proper knowledge and information regarding matters of culture, the concept of managing differences and colliding of ideas must be done by different organization as a solution to the problems. If cultural challenges are retained only as a challenge, a range of problems will arise such as, discomfort, annoyance, irritation, and etc as an escalating process of conflict. Before such development arise it is better than solutions are present therefore, wider array of conflicts may be hindered. Through the mitigation processes and proper information provided, cultural challenges will remain as a thing of the past. Therefore, the challenges that were faced will remain and it shall be converted as a norm, a value or a tradition for the whole American society. References Sowell, T. (2008). Understanding and Managing Diversity (4th Edition) In C. Harvey M. J. Allard (Eds) pp. 69-74. United States of America: Prentice Hall. Parker, C. (2008). Understanding and Managing Diversity (4th Edition) In C. Harvey M. J. Allard (Eds) pp. 28-30. United States of America: Prentice Hall.

Commands to the computer Essay Example for Free

Commands to the computer Essay Function keys across the top Letter keys in the main section A numeric keypad on the right Cursor movement and editing keys between the main section and the numeric keypad. The layout of the letters on a keyboard is standard across many countries and is called a QWERTY keyboard. The name comes from the first six keys on the top row of the alphabetic characters. Some keyboards come with added keys for using the Internet and others have an integrated wrist support. Ergonomic keyboards have been developed to reduce the risk of repetitive strain injury to workers who use keyboards for long periods of time. The computers processor scans the keyboard hundreds of times per second to see if a key has been pressed. When a key is pressed, a digital code is sent to the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This digital code is translated into ASCII code (American Standard Code of Information Interchange). For example, pressing the A key produces the binary code 01100001 representing the lower case letter a. Holding down the shift key at the same time produces the binary code 01000001 representing the upper case letter A. Advantages: Most computers have this device attached to it It is a reliable method for data input of text and numbers. A skilled typist can enter data very quickly. Specialist keyboards are available Disadvantages: It is very easy to make mistakes when typing data in It can be very time consuming to enter data using a keyboard, especially if you are not a skilled typist. It is very difficult to enter some data, for example, details of diagrams and pictures. It is very slow to access menus and not flexible when you want to move objects around the screen Difficult for people unable to use keyboards through paralysis or muscular disorder. Mouse A mouse is the most common pointing device that you will come across. It enables you to control the movement and position of the on-screen cursor by moving it around on the desk. Buttons on the mouse let you select options from menus and drag objects around the screen. Pressing a mouse button produces a mouse click. You might have heard the expressions double click, click and drag and drag and drop. Most mice use a small ball located underneath them to calculate the direction that you are moving the mouse in. The movement of the ball causes two rollers to rotate inside the mouse; one records the movement in a north-south direction and the other records the east-west movement. The mouse monitors how far the ball turns and in what direction and sends this information to the computer to move the pointer. Advantages: Ideal for use with desktop computers. Usually supplied with a computer so no additional cost. All computer users tend to be familiar with using them. Disadvantages They need a flat space close to the computer. The mouse cannot easily be used with laptop, notebook or palmtop computers. (These need a tracker ball or a touch sensitive pad called a touch pad). Trackball A tracker ball, is like an upside down mouse with the ball on top. Turning the ball with your hand moves the pointer on the screen. It has buttons like a standard mouse, but requires very little space to operate and is often used in conjunction with computer aided design. You will often find a small tracker ball built into laptop computers in place of the conventional mouse. Advantages Ideal for use where flat space close to the computer is limited. Can be useful with laptops as they can be built into the computer keyboard or clipped on. Disadvantages Not supplied as standard so an additional cost and users have to learn how to use them a joy stick is simalar to the mouse but turns at the sides a joy stick is used to play computer games it turns in 8 dirtion and is used for controlling things like cars advantge there is an idmete feel of dirction due to the movement of the stick disavantges its hard to controlthey can break ealisy This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework. Info The UKs Coursework Database http://www. coursework. info.

Theories on the Gender Pay Gap

Theories on the Gender Pay Gap Australian women earn about 83 ¢ cents for every $1 a man earns, according to a new report analysing the gender pay gap. Linda McDowell suggests that gendered assumptions have a range of influences on contemporary workplaces. Analyse the gender pay gap, engaging with the theorists you have studied this semester. INTRODUCTION As Linda McDowell suggests, gendered assumptions coming from heteronormative ideals and rules significantly influence contemporary workplaces. This subsequently results in the gender pay gap (1995). This paper seeks to critically analyse the influences emanating from gendered assumptions on contemporary workplaces.   Additionally, the link between these assumptions and the gender pay gap will be examined. This will be executed through examining the impacts of heteronormativity, which result in a never-ending binarised cycle that perpetuates the gender pay gap. Further, the possible challenges to gendered assumptions introduced by Judith Butler will be examined. However, to ensure a well-rounded analysis, the shortcomings of these challenges, and the subversive power of hegemonic masculinity will also be discussed. WHAT IS THE GENDER PAY GAP? The gender pay gap in society is something that is deemed ‘distressingly evident’, and continues to steadily control women in society (McDowell 2014 p.829). In Australia, the Gender pay gap refers to the discrepancy in pay between men and women in employment. Current statistics highlight that full-time working women earn 84% of a mans pay, making the gender pay gap sit at 16%. (WGEA, 2017, p.8). From this, it is obvious that progress is necessary. However, progress is not only slow, but proving to be difficult, as the gender pay gap twenty years ago was sitting at 17%, meaning that it has taken up to two decades to improve women’s pay by a mere 1% (WGEA, 2017, p.8). This is highly indicative of the stronghold that institutionalised gendered assumptions have over the workforce, even in the twenty-first century. A key theorist on the gender pay gap, Linda McDowell, states that women in the workplace have fought to ‘establish the right to be there at all’ (1995,p.80). This idea that women need to gain rights to earn money is embedded in historical ideologies that are not only out-dated but still guide the lives of many women today. Early feminist interventions to improve access to work and pay rates are still ongoing, such as the Liberal Feminist movement. The Liberal Feminist movement began in the early 1800s, with the aim of providing women with rights equal to those of men in education, the workforce and in society   (Tong, 1989). Although some of the endeavours of the movement have been achieved, such as women acquiring corporate and authoritative jobs that were once male-dominated, there are new barriers (Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M, 2016). The gender pay gap is one of the most significant new barriers implemented by institutions to prevent further development of gender equality in the workforce. The gender pay gap can be seen as originating from the three ‘glass ceilings’ embedded in contemporary society, and subsequently, contemporary workplaces (Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M, 2016,p. 102). The term glass ceilings refers to the invisible barriers that women confront as they approach the top of the corporate hierarchy. This term was established by the Glass Ceilings Commission, which sought to identify the glass ceiling barriers, and remove the blockages to advancement of women and minorities in employment (USDOL, 1995). The commission found there were three levels of barriers. The first barrier is relates to prejudice and bias, coming from educational opportunities, or lack thereof. The second barrier is concerned with the internal structures of a business. These structures are controllable by the business. They relate to the corporate climate and what is referred to as ‘pipeline barriers’ that come from lack of training and career development, which leads to the stunting of possible career advancement (Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M, 2016,p. 103). The final barrier is concerned with the government, and the lack of law enforcement, combined with dissemination of information about glass ceiling issues (Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M, 2016, p. 103). Although these three barriers cannot solely justify the widespread hold that the gender pay gap has on contemporary workplaces, they seek to pinpoint where the gender pay gap stems from, allowing work to be done in addressing these areas. HETERONORMATIVITY IN CONTEMPORARY WORKFORCES With the fundamental aspects of the gender pay gap now having been examined, the forces that perpetuate the existence of this significant issue within society require analysis. The most pressing force is the concept of heteronormativity, which is a harmful gender assumption that has a substantial influence on contemporary workforces. Heteronormativity can be defined as ‘a body of lifestyle norms, in which people tend to reproduce distinct and complementary genders (man and woman)’ (Herz & Johannson, 2015, p.1011). In contemporary society, heteronormativity is deemed to keep women in (within its confines) and also keeps women down, that is, subordinated (Jackson, 1999). Feminist discourse surrounding heteronormativity rose in second-wave feminism, the movement that broadened the feminist debate to address issues of inequality and sexuality, as well as workplace difficulties for women (Evans 1995). However, the origins of the ‘normalised’ heterosexual label within society can go back to the historical and cultural depictions of men and women from the eighteenth century (Boe & Coykendall, 2014). Though heteronormativity has a substantial presence within history and society, its impact as a gendered assumption within contemporary workforces is substantial. As heteronormativity conditions men and women to act a certain way according to their sex (which is also historically and socially defined), it leaves women boxed in.   Heteronormativity and the strict, reinforced gender binaries within society reflect the systems of oppression, and the construction of gender hierarchies (Herz & Johannson, 2015, p.1011). In order to maintain a hold on society, ideas of conforming to hyper-heteronormative behaviours are reinforced by institutions within society. Subsequently, these societal influences reverberate into education, family-life and in particular, the workforce. Although women have gained the right to coexist with men in contemporary workplaces, strict gender binaries prevent women from career development, strengthened abilities, and subsequently reinforce the gender-pay gap. The work of Angela McRobbie, a key theorist in the area of gender inequality in the workforce is highly pertinent to this discussion. McRobbie’s concept of the post-feminist masquerade highlights the harmful impact of gender assumptions in contemporary workforces (2007). McRobbie critiques the hyper-gendered performances women have been encouraged to engage in, as they place emphasis on the sexed body, and in turn gender differences. The ‘post-feminist masquerade’ is a means for patriarchal law and hegemonic masculinity to gain dominance against feminism (McRobbie, 2007, p. 723). Hegemonic masculinity refers to the configuration of â€Å"gender practice, which embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of legitimacy of patriarchy which guarantees the dominant position of men, and the subordination of women† (Bartholomaeus, 2013, p.280). This is done through encouraging women to engage in feminine consumer culture, so as to reinscribe their femini nity in the workplace (McRobbie, 2007). These hyper-gendered performances include subscribing to common feminine practices, such as wearing tight skirts, high heels and a face full of make up to assert their femininity (McRobbie, 2007, p.722).   As women are encouraged to perform hyper-femininity, institutions are able to reinforce fear of retribution from abandoning heteronormativity in the workplace. This forces women back within the rigid gender binary, creating an even greater divide between men and women in the workspace, ultimately perpetuating the gender pay gap. THE LINK TO THE GENDER PAY GAP AND THE REPERCUSSIONS Based on the analysis to date, the harmful nature of gender assumptions in the workplace has been examined. However, the way that these gendered assumptions impact the gender pay gap requires concentrated analysis. Gender assumptions have a direct link to the gender pay gap, as they dictate the field of work that many women are in. Women are significantly overrepresented in the lowest paying occupations, as female-dominated jobs pay far less than male-dominated jobs (Ting, 2017). Feminised jobs include those relating to care-taking or domestic tasks, such as nursing, cleaning and childcare. These sex-segregated jobs are clearly indicative of the roles ascribed to women within heterosexual discourse. These feminised jobs stems from what is known as the caregiver model. This model is a historical regime that took the inherent caregiver role of women, and limited their employment to areas relating to this heteronormative ideal (McRobbie, 2007).   As more women are found in jobs that abide by the caregiver model, the influence of this troublesome ancient structure today is evident (McRobbie, 2007, p.730) However, this caregiver model cannot explain the fact that the gender pay gap in Australia has been found to exist in more than 1,000 occupations (Ting, 2017). This is due to the fact that men in workplaces are promoted into higher positions rather than their female counterparts (Jaffee, 1989, p.377). This is problematic, as there is somewhat a double-disadvantage coming from these jobs. Women in feminised occupations are â€Å"twice disadvantaged- first by being in a â€Å"female† field, and second by being a woman in that field, since men make more than women, even in â€Å"female† fields†Ã¢â‚¬ (Bishom-Rapp & Sargeant, 2016, p. 137). Additionally, women in corporate jobs face vertical segregation. Vertical segregation refers to the exclusion of women from organisational positions of autonomy and authority, due to the sex differences within workplaces (Jaffee, 1989, p.387).   Thus, the gender pay gap not only stems from the one area of feminised jobs, but also from a lack of career advancement that is within the power of organisations in society. According to Wolf and Fligstein, the sexual differences in power in the work setting ‘are an important factor generating inequality in earnings between men and women’ (1979, 235). This highlights how ideas about the femininity of women drive contemporary workforce standards, as women are expected to perform work according to their performance of heterosexuality. Further, the long-term disadvantages that come from gendered assumptions and the subsequent gender pay gap will be critically analysed. Not only does the gender pay gap lead to disadvantage for women in social, financial and personal situations, but also leads to lifetime disadvantage. Lifetime disadvantage refers to the factors that lead to ‘the retirement ills of many women’ (Bishom-Rapp & Sargeant, 2016, p. 190). That is, the risks that women face from being unequally paid. As women go into retirement, they are at risk of experiencing the critical impact of the gender pay gap. Women subsequently earn less over their lifetime, which results in lower superannuation, and a risk of poverty in old age. In 2012, 21.7% of women aged over 65 were at risk of poverty, whereas only 16.3% of men were likely to experience poverty (Bishom-Rapp & Sargeant, 2016, p. 116). Gender inequality in the workforce not only reflects current social position and power inequalities, but it also leads to detrimental outcomes of lifetime disadvantage for women. TACKLING THE GENDER BINARY Although gendered assumptions continue to drive workplaces, there are ways to tackle this blatant discrimination that women face in employment. According to leading gender theorist, Judith Butler, there is a means to challenge heteronormativity, which forms the foundation for the gender pay gap. Butler believes that gender is reiterated through regulatory practices, and is culturally constructed through the heterosexual matrix (Butler, 1990, p.9). The heterosexual matrix refers to the re-stabilisation of gender through women repeatedly engaging in feminised behaviours and appearances (Butler, 1990). Therefore, the sexed body only gains significance from its constant reification and institutionalised endorsement within society. As the gender binary requires engagement by society, an inherent instability within this social construct can be made out (Butler, 1990, p11). Because of this, women are able to exploit gendered assumptions through their constant reinforcement, as it becomes obvious to those looking to challenge it. Women in the workforce have already taken charge in this area, as the overall gender pay gap in full-time employment decreased in 2015 to 2016 (WGEA, 2017,p.15). By viewing sex and gender as something culturally, historically and socially constructed, society will be able to define themselves with their own limitations and freedoms by challenging these constructed ideals. In particular, the feminist movement will make significant headway in this area through challenging normative heterosexuality. This effect will reverberate in the workforce, as the structures seeking to restrain women from challenging hegemonic masculinity will destabilise. The gender pay gap, in particular, has improved among men and women in trades including machinery operating and building, decreasing by 4% in terms of total remuneration between 2015 and 2016 (WGEA, 2017, p. 16). This is indicative of the progress being made by women in challenging the preconceived capabilities of their bodies. By going beyond the behaviours of gender that limit their capabilities, they are able to challenge both gender constructs and inequality in the workforce. As McDowell suggests, women’s sexed bodies are threatening in the workplace for the very reason that they are not meant to be there -‘They challenge the order of things’ (1995,p.80). Not only have women challenged order through entering the workforce; they have also challenged the very structured foundation of the order.   This provides women with the means to break through the metaphorical glass ceilings that limit equality in the workplace. Additionally, if women persevered with obtaining both equality and equity, it would ‘liberate not only women but also human personality from the straitjacket of gender’ (Herz & Johannson, 2015, p.1010). Therefore, by furthering the feminist movement, those reinforcing hegemonic masculinity and the institutions that enforce gendered assumptions will be disembodied. This includes the governing of each individual of society through the heterosexual matrix. THE PARADOX THAT IS GENDER EQUALITY In current gender studies, there are now ways to challenge gender assumptions that feed the gender pay gap. However, the gender pay gap is not in steady decline, and is expected to hold its position, if not rise in areas of managerial roles (WGEA, 2017, p. 6). As individuals are provided with the previously mentioned means to challenge the reification of gender binaries, the institutional stronghold over sex and gender conceptions tightens, finding new ways to subvert these challenges. By virtue of the fact that women are entering the workforce and fighting for equal pay, hegemonic masculinity is weakened. Because of this, institutions use any perceived gender equality improvements to set the fight back, rather than enhance it. This can be seen through the concept of ‘attribution of capacity’ enunciated by Angela McRobbie (2007). This attribution of capacity refers to the freedom given to women in the workforce. In a post-feminist context, women are provided with roles of accountability and autonomy, with the expectation of embodying a strong, can-do attitude to work. However, McRobbie argues that these improvements are instead reinscription of hegemonic masculinity, leading to drawbacks in the fight for equal pay. Women are ‘invited to recognise themselves as privileged subjects’ and are expected to be grateful for achieving   (with a fight) the fundamental human right of equality (McRobbie, 2007, p, 722). As institutions have relinquished this control over who enters the workforce, they apply new barriers under the faà §ade of equality. Women are now expected to be accomplished subjects who can come forward, however this is only on the condition that feminism fades away despit e neither equality nor equity being achieved (McRobbie, 2007, p.720). Therein lies what Raewyn Connell refers to as the patriarchal dividend, which is the advantage given to men as a group from maintaining inequality within society (2009). Monetary income from the workforce is just one of the benefits, in addition to respect, safety, institutional power and autonomy. (Connell, 2009, p.142). From the reinforcement of hegemony, the patriarchal dividend and gender binaries within society as a response to feminist movements, women are once again placed back into the labels and categories that they first sought to escape from, subverting years of feminist work. Additionally, the critique of the ‘Virgin Atlantic: 25 years: Still red-hot’ highlights the drawback that women face in the postfeminist struggle for equality (Duffy et al., 2016). The article critiques the marketing strategies used to evoke idealised gender appearances in a postmodern context in order to facilitate the perpetuation of gender binaries. The advertisement ultimately utilises ‘good old-fashioned sexism while simultaneously distancing themselves from it’, which suggests that the institutions that seek to retain a hold over postmodern feminism have utilised the newfound freedom of women and bent it to their will, making women slaves in their own emancipation (Duffy et al., 2016, p. 266). CONCLUSION Ultimately, by examining the structures within the contemporary workforce, the gender pay gap has been critically analysed. By examining the institutionalised gender binaries entrenched within society, the root causes of the gender pay gap have been established and evaluated. The analysis reveals that through heteronormativity and the enforcement of gender binaries, the gender pay gap is perpetually reified, with lifelong effects. Although Butler provides an outlet for change through challenging these binaries, the institutional stronghold over the sexed body and its link to societal outcomes proves to be rigidly in place, as discussed by a key theorist studied within the unit, Angela McRobbie. REFERENCE LIST: 1. Bartholomaeus, C (2013) ‘Colluding With or Challenging Hegemonic Masculinity’.  Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 28, pp. 279-293. 2. Bishom-Rapp, S & Sargeant, M (2016) Lifetime disadvantage, discrimination and the gendered workforce. Cambridge University press. 3. Boe, A & Coykendall, A (2014) Heteronormativity in Eighteenth-century Literature and Culture. Ashgate publications. 4. Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York: Routledge, pp.1-19. 5. Connell, R (2009). Gender Politics.  Gender. Pp.136–51. Cambridge: Polity Press. 6. Duffy, K, Hancock, P, & Tyler, M (2016) ‘Still red-hot? Postfeminism and gender subjectivity in the airline industry’. Gender, work and organization, vol. 24, pp. 260-273. 7. Evans, J (1995) Feminist theory today: An introduction to second-wave feminism. Sage publications. 8. Herz, M & Johansson, T (2015). ‘The normativity of the concept of heteronormativity’. Journal of Homosexuality. Pp. 1009- 10209. 9. Jackson, S (1999) Heterosexuality in question. Sage publications. 10. Jaffee, D (1989) ‘Gender inequality in workplace autonomy and authority’. Social science quarterly, vol. 70, pp. 375-390 11. McDowell, L (1995) Body work: heterosexual gender performances in city workplaces. (Routledge) 12. McDowell, L (2014) ‘Gender, work employment and society: Feminist reflections on community and change’. Work, employment & society. pp.825-837. 13. McRobbie, A (2007) ‘Top Girls? Young women and the post-feminist sexual contract’. Cultural Studies. pp.718-737. 14. Ting, I 2017. ‘The gender income gap in more than 1000 occupations, in one chart’, The Age. Viewed: 22 April 2017.

High Stakes Testing Essay -- Education School Standardized Tests Essay

High Stakes Testing Albert Einstein once stated, â€Å"not everything that counts can be counted and not everything that can be counted counts.† High-stakes testing attempts to determine the knowledge a person has obtained throughout grades K-12. These standardized tests are being used to judge a person’s ability to graduate from high school and also judge if a child has enough knowledge to proceed to the next grade level. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing how these tests do not accurately portray one’s intelligence, how they have increased drop out rates, and also show the damaging psychological affects they have had. High stakes testing does not accurately determine a student’s intelligence. In 1999, the National Academy of Sciences researched the appropriate and inappropriate uses of tests. They agreed that â€Å"no single test score can be considered a definitive measure of a student’s knowledge†(http://www.allianceforchildhood.net/news/histakes_test_position_statement.htm). To use these standardized tests to decide if a person has earned his/her diploma is unreasonable, and they have been proven ineffective. The Alliance for Childhood states that, â€Å"the use of standardized tests as the sole measure of whether students are promoted, are placed in low-track classes, or will graduate from high school is condemned as insupportable by every professional testing organization.†(alliance). In Arizona, the AIMS (Arizona’s Instrument to Measure Standards) test will soon be used in this way; high school seniors in the year 2008 must pass this test to graduate. A study prepared by the Arizona Standards organization states that, â€Å"the Arizona AIMS test, if implemented today, would fail between 50% and 75% of all high s... ... Standards (AIMS). Arizona Department of Education. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ade.state.az.us/ standards/aims/PerformanceStandards/performancelevels.asp 2. Testing and Grade Retention. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.fairtest.org/arn/retenfct.htm 3. High Stakes Testing Position Statement. Alliance for Childhood. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.allianceforchildhood.net/news/histakes_test_position_statement.htm 4. Haney, Walt. The Myth of the Texas Miracle in Education. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n41/ 5. What’s Wrong With High Stakes Testing in General and Aims in Particular? Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.azstandards.org/protestmaterials.htm High Stakes Testing Essay -- Education School Standardized Tests Essay High Stakes Testing Albert Einstein once stated, â€Å"not everything that counts can be counted and not everything that can be counted counts.† High-stakes testing attempts to determine the knowledge a person has obtained throughout grades K-12. These standardized tests are being used to judge a person’s ability to graduate from high school and also judge if a child has enough knowledge to proceed to the next grade level. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing how these tests do not accurately portray one’s intelligence, how they have increased drop out rates, and also show the damaging psychological affects they have had. High stakes testing does not accurately determine a student’s intelligence. In 1999, the National Academy of Sciences researched the appropriate and inappropriate uses of tests. They agreed that â€Å"no single test score can be considered a definitive measure of a student’s knowledge†(http://www.allianceforchildhood.net/news/histakes_test_position_statement.htm). To use these standardized tests to decide if a person has earned his/her diploma is unreasonable, and they have been proven ineffective. The Alliance for Childhood states that, â€Å"the use of standardized tests as the sole measure of whether students are promoted, are placed in low-track classes, or will graduate from high school is condemned as insupportable by every professional testing organization.†(alliance). In Arizona, the AIMS (Arizona’s Instrument to Measure Standards) test will soon be used in this way; high school seniors in the year 2008 must pass this test to graduate. A study prepared by the Arizona Standards organization states that, â€Å"the Arizona AIMS test, if implemented today, would fail between 50% and 75% of all high s... ... Standards (AIMS). Arizona Department of Education. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ade.state.az.us/ standards/aims/PerformanceStandards/performancelevels.asp 2. Testing and Grade Retention. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.fairtest.org/arn/retenfct.htm 3. High Stakes Testing Position Statement. Alliance for Childhood. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.allianceforchildhood.net/news/histakes_test_position_statement.htm 4. Haney, Walt. The Myth of the Texas Miracle in Education. Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n41/ 5. What’s Wrong With High Stakes Testing in General and Aims in Particular? Retrieved October 24, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.azstandards.org/protestmaterials.htm

Housing Problem :: essays research papers

Many economists argue that market solutions are more efficient than government agencies in providing services even when it comes to â€Å"merit goods†. In the discussion of housing problem, I would disagree with the economist’s view. Housing is a very complicate issue that I believe it will work the best by the cooperation of market and government agencies. The Canadian government has worked for many years on the housing issue, but does not seem to have any adequate solutions to solve the problem. The housing market, unlike other industry, has a dominant feature of inelastic short-run supply. This characteristic of the housing market has made a great obstacle in coping with the problem. In fact, we may look at other countries’ experiences and learn how to deal with the problem effectively. Canadian government’s housing policy is based on the idea that everyone is entitled to decent and affordable housing. Housing is a necessity and everyone needs a place t o live. It is for this reason that government set its goal to ensure everyone is living in housing of adequate quality at a price they can afford. However, the government has turned into wrong definition of decency and affordability. Firstly, decency is subjective according to different cultures. I think that the Canadian government is setting a very high value on living environment, and such a high standard may cause more difficulties in solving the problem. Secondly, Canadian government has continuously reduced its standard in defining affordability. It was consider affordable if housing cost no more than 20% of your income. Nevertheless, the standard has been reduced to no more than 40% until recently. Such dramatic change of the figure has made the goal become ambiguous. Practically, the government has tried many methods in dealing with the housing problem. Housing code enforcement is a method that tries to regulate minimal conditions for rental housing. However, this method doe s not seem to work because it brings additional costs to the tenant. On the other hand, the government tries to help people become homeowner by benefits in kind, such as imposing tax exemption on first home down payment and low interest rate on mortgages. However, the method does not really aim at helping the poor. Moreover, the government tries to increase the supply of housing by building new shelters and buying existing apartments. Yet, none of these work efficiently. The reason that building new shelters does not work is because most of these new housing projects are expensive and time consuming.

Schizophrenia: Effects on the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Schizophrenia: Effects on the Brain Schizophrenia is a disease that affects the brain. It alters brain chemistry and brain form to produce the different behavior in those afflicted with the problem. It appears that these alterations change the inherent I-function in each individual. Loss of important functions associated with this piece of the greater nervous system box is found in these people. To understand why this occurs, it is necessary to have some background knowledge of what schizophrenia does to a person's brain. The conclusion of altered I-function can be drawn as this information is presented. The symptoms of the disease also aid in the explanation. Schizophrenia results in varied and abnormal responses compared to those of normal, healthy individuals. The brain of individuals with the disease endures such changes that their basic functions and operations are altered. Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain. It begins to be noticed in a person's late teens through twenties. Signs of it can be seen from early childhood and it is now being hypothesized that it is actually present during adolescence (1). Since this hypothesis extends to fetal development, brain formation in the earliest stages is effected. The alteration of pathways and deviation of neurotransmitters from normal arrangement is believed to be a factor behind the affliction. The brain of these individuals forms differently. Neurotransmitters are believed to misfire altering the chemical balance of the brain causing behavioral problems. There are deficits in cortical and subcortical cognitive processes (5). There are also enlarged ventricles in the brain causing further impairment of ability (3). When the disease is present there are certain symptoms that are easily recognizable. They fall into three categories overt, negative, and positive. The overt symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, alteration of the senses, inability to sort and then respond appropriately to incoming sensations, an altered sense of self, and changes in behavior (2). The negative symptoms are emotional flatness, inability to start or follow through on activities, brief speech lacking content, and lack of pleasure or interest in life (2). All of these include an inhibition on processing information and further imply a differentiation in the normal self. The basic information above provides a solid background to understanding the disease and already possible problems to a person's I-function can be seen. The afflicted person's lack of knowledge concerning the disease suggests a hindrance to the I-function.

Dubai Islamic Bank Essay

The document â€Å"Information Security Policy Framework† focuses on strategy and roles for implementation security policy in â€Å"Dubai Islamic Bank†. Information Security has become and important aspect for the financial institution especially for a bank to protest critical information resources. The importance of this fact needs to be clearly highlighted so that adequate measure can be implemented to ensure that acceptable level of security is in place at the systems and networking level. The policy also addresses the password security guidelines for effective management of passwords associated with user and administrative profiles, network devices and other specialized peripheral devices associated with the infrastructure. Responsibility of the Employees The information security policy should be completely read and its importance should be understood. In case of any queries, write letter to concerned department head. Keep corporate information confidential; don’t share this information with people outside DIB. Maintain confidential of your password. Only you are accountable with all the activities associated with your profile. Be observant look for suspicious activities in your area and report it to your manager for corrective actions. It is the responsibility of every individual to comply with this policy. Non compliance may result in disciplinary action. Components of security policy: The major components of security policy are: ? Risk analysis – identification of critical assets ? Risk management – protection of identified assets. The objective is to make sure that employee’s of the bank should know their roles and responsibilities in protection of information assets and to emphasize the importance of having secured communication. Risk analysis – critical business applications As all functions of DIB are automated, downtime of any system has a direct implication to efficiency and working. Some systems are mission critical as they impact directly to customers. Mission critical application are mentioned as follows, in order of priority. ? Core banking application ? Electronic messaging Risk management Risk management is the process of identifying potential threats. Protection of information resources Information resources including customer information or other critical system parameters should be protected from accidental or intentional modification or disclosure. This includes loss of information physically and logically. Information should be classified with the level of risk associated with it by the business owners. Once the information is classified, appropriate controls should be implemented to protect the information. Internet Security Internet access would be granted to users for business purpose only. Paper information security Confidential information such as account statements, reports, ledgers or customer related information, security policy, corporate policy and procedure etc should be retained in a secure and locked cabinet. Information such as software license or maintenance agreements or information that is highly confidential should be kept securely in safe or fire proof cabinet with combination lock enabled. Never leave your desk unattended for long hours. While dispatching memos / letters internally, It should be marked as â€Å"Confidential† with recipient name and address and should be sealed in an envelop. Information security administration Information technology division reserves the right to assign or revoke user permissions based on approved request and conduct entitlement review. Security officer should be assigned to conduct this task in segregation. The security officer not is involved in performing any transactions that conflict with the security administration function. Security officer is required to review security audit logs, exception handling reports and document any unusual or suspicious activity. Compliance Dubai Islamic branches and corporate office divisions are required to ensure compliance as per the rules and guidelines mentioned in security policy. Divisional heads should have a formal documented process to conduct self-assessment on semi annual basis. These results should be communicated to risk management ream for mitigation activities. Audit and implementation division should reference the security policy while conducting internal audit of branch / divisions. System and operations division should ensure compliance for all the functional unit areas of Dubai Islamic bank. Conduct self-assessment and periodic checks that regulatory and central bank requirements are being adhered to. A process should in place to make sure that whenever a new project is launched, concerned division will ensure and verify that security controls are implemented at the initial phase of the project. Human resource division includes security awareness program as an integral part of training IT quality assurance and compliance manager will ensure compliance of this policy for all systems and technology related platform. Self-assessments and review will be conducted to validate that relevant processes are in place. This unit are will also circulate letters to create awareness among users to follow the security policy and abide by the rules and regulations as defined. In case of any incident or malicious or fraudulent activity, inform your respective manager and divisional head IT for further investigation. Social Engineering Social engineering is the human action of breaking the security. Users should be careful while talking within and outside the organization. Information security can be violated very easily or may fail, if an employee gives away confidential information whether intentional or unintentional. Employees should be careful while talking on telephone and answering questions with unknown recipient or replying back an unknown email message. If a user is not sure whether to answer such a question, he/she should consult the line manager. Information sharing Confidentiality of information should be maintained. This includes information such as PIN codes, TPINS, passwords, customer’s financial statements, bank’s budgetary statements, cash positions are all treated as confidential information and should not be shared among employees. Avoid reading confidential documentation in a public area. The classification for confidential and public / shared information should be classified by information owners. Information that is required to be shared can be circulated in the form of letter or policy document or can be uploaded on internet. Access rights should be implemented so that unauthorized people does not go through the information that is meant for some specific people. Employees can share information only if they have valid business reason. Installation of software applications Application / software installed on corporate systems should be licensed. Unlicensed software should not be installed on any system. all software installations would be carried out by the IT support staff by ensuring first that the said software fulfills the obligations of software licensing. For third party software installations, the IT support staff would accompany such individuals with prior scheduling and reviewing all hardware requirements and post implementation impacts. Users would be restricted from downloading and installing software, freeware and shareware or evaluation copy of software on corporate laptops / workstations. This increase the chance of installing virus or Trojan thus compromising critical corporate resources. Only standard corporate software on approved list should be installed and accessed. In case there is a requirement to install application other than approved software then deviation should be filed and approved by divisional head IT and subsequent approvals from group head IT. Users are not allowed to download and install flashy screen saves and desktop backgrounds, only windows default settings should be used. User of external media Domain recipients are not allowed to connect personal laptop or workstation on the DIB network. Only corporate equipment should be connected on corporate network. Any such attempt would be taken up as an attempt to sabotage the network. Use of removable media such as floppy disk, CDs, DVDs, flash drives via USB port or any other external media on DIB domain is strictly prohibited. In case if there is any business requirement the same may be forwarded to the information technology division or for scanning and uploading of document in a shred folder with restricted access rights. Use of modems of any sort on the corporate workstations/ laptops and dialing out via internet over corporate network is strictly prohibited. Should there be business requirements to do so; the said workstation would NOT be allowed to connect to the corporate network.

Reactive, Proactive Patrols Essay

In policing there are two types of patrol, reactive and proactive patrol. Reactive patrol is based on crimes after they are committed. Proactive patrol is based on preventing crime rather than responding to crimes after they were committed. If police departments adopted one type of patrol there would be consequences. If police departments adopted reactive patrols, then there would be no way to prevent crimes. Police would only show up after a crime was committed and there would be an increase in crime. There would be an increase of criminal activity, traffic accidents, and a decrease in community approval of police. If police adopted the proactive patrol, then there would be more patrol in problem areas where crime is higher than other areas. This type of patrol is good to prevent crime, but if adopted it would cause the community to have little approval of the police, because it could cause crimes to be all over instead of a specific area. It would also cause officers to target crimes instead of respond to calls about crimes. In my opinion, a police department would be better suited for criminal activity if they keep both types of patrol rather than adopt one type; it would make the department more conductive and community oriented. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify that the attached paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else. I have identified the sources of all information whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, all images, and all quotations with citations and reference listings. Along with citations and reference listings, I have used quotation marks to identify quotations of fewer than 40 words and have used block indentation for quotations of 40 or more words. Nothing in this assignment violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property laws. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature.

Competition in the Golf Equipment Industry

1. Discuss the trends in the golf equipment industry and how it may impact a company’s strategy. Ans: According to new the United States Golf Association (USGA), Golf equipment manufacturers are forced to launch the equipment within the limitation. Therefore, the product differentiation is not quite high while recreational golfers do not enjoy playing due to lack of innovational equipment. Also, the USGA states that there are various factors that result in the declining of golfers such as: Game difficulty: Golf equipment manufacturers are forced to follow the new USGA rules, thus, recreational golfers are suffered from the limitation of golf equipments. They cannot enjoy playing golf as much as before while new golfers face the difficulty of playing. – Time consuming for practice: According to the limited innovation of golf equipment, golfers need lots of time to practice while they also have take responsibility to their job and spend time with their families. – High golf fee: Some golfers realize that golf fee is high, as a result, they  cannot practice frequently. . Discuss the importance of innovation, brand, performance, and price in the golf equipment industry. Ans: Good reputation and image can lead to brand loyalty. That’s why many brands use lots of advertising expenditure to promote their brands. As the leading sports brand in the world, Nike has a clear marketing advantage over its competitors. Nike spends some of their annual revenues on advertising to build strong brands by using celebrity endorsements aim to grow the market share in the golf segment. Golf product brand equity depends on the performance of its endorsed players. The performances of the professional golfers sponsored by each brand strongly relates to sales. Innovation in the golf industry is an important part of equipment adoption. Because of the fleeting life span of golf clubs, adoption of new drivers and putters is critical to any golf equipment manufacturer’s strategy. Performance in golf equipment is closely tied to PGA professionals and well known amateurs who use certain clubs and brands to help promote the value of the equipment. Counterfeit golf equipment has continued to impact pricing of golf equipment by being sold worldwide which s a threat to the golf industry because the counterfeits can be sold much less than the originals. Callaway’s strength has been its line of Big Bertha drivers and the acquisition of the Top-Flite Golf company which allowed Callaway to manufacturer popular golf ball equipment. The weakness has been the golf club business which has lost money according to third quarter reporting. The financia l report shows a 28% of net sales in the third quarter of 2010 as compared to 31% of net sales in 2009 third quarter. TaylorMade’s strength has been its improvement to the drivers namely the r5 and r7 series which supplanted Callaway’s Big Bertha as the driver of choice for many golfers. The weakness of TaylorMade Golf has been in putters, irons and golf balls. Never really gaining in these fields over Callaway, much of this business was sold or minimized. Titleist’s strength is its golf ball market share. Its weakness has been its golf club line which has been targeted to elite golfers, though not adopted widely by many golfers. Ping Golf’s strength has been in the iron segment in 2008. Its weakness has been poor wedge sales  (Strickland III, Thompson, & Gamble, 2010, pp. C-95 – C-96). Nike’s strength is the marketability of its primary endorsement, Tiger Woods, along with its popular golf ball line. Its weakness has been a quality issue with product that was sold at less than suggested retail due to this issue. 3. Identify the strengths and weakness of Callaway, TaylorMade, Titleist, Ping, and Nike. Determine which company has a competitive advantage in the marketplace and state why you believe this to be true. Ans: Overall the best golf company in my opinion is definetly, Titleist. Also, below, I listed the best product for each category of golf equipment. Driver: Taylor Made super quad Irons: Titleist AP2 (leading irons on tour); Woods: 906F4's; Hybrid: adams hybrids (leading hybrid on tour) Wedges: Titleist Vokey spin milled or 200 series (leading wedge on tour) Putter: any  Titleist Scotty Cameron  that fits you (leading putter on tour) Balls:  Titleist Pro V1  or Pro V1x (leading ball on tour and my personal favorites) Bag: Ping (they have outstanding long lasting quality bags! Glove: Titleist Yardage device: Bushnell Shoes: Footjoy (particularly Dry Joys) Grips: Lampkins or Golf Pride ( especially the dual density  lamkin grips) 4. Based on the company selected in the previous discussion, recommend how the company can ensure that its competitive advantage is sustained. a. Strong research and Innovation: The technology industry is one of the leading industries with respect to   strong research and innovation. And when it comes to setting the pace using innovation as leverage;  Apple and Sony  are the two companies that have held their leadership position using innovation as a competitive advantage. b. Brand Popularity: Being recognized all over the world as a respected brand is a  sustained competitive advantage that companies such as Virgin, Apple and Coca cola  have used as leverage to hold the market sway for years. Virgin is a company that has used its brand name as leverage to break into new markets  in completely new territories. . Corporate reputation: Corporate reputation is  a form of sustained competitive advantage  that companies such as Price Waterhouse and Berkshire Hathaway have leveraged to become world class entities. d. Strategic assets: Holding strategic assets such as  patents is a strong source of sustained competitive advantage  and General Electric has stood the test of time because of the several patents held. Mind you that possession of these stra tegic assets has made  General Electric one of the most powerful companies in the world. e. High volume production: Dangote Group of companies became one of the leading conglomerates in Africa because of its ability to produce goods on high volume and ensure a uniform price throughout  Nigeria. f. Access to working Capital: Generally, public liability companies (quoted companies) have a  sustained competitive advantage over private companies because of their infinite capacity to raise capital from the public. Take a look at  how Oracle acquired 57 companies in a space of five years  and Reliance Industries investing a billion dollars in a single swoop to open a chain of retail stores. . Superior Product or customer support: IKEA has become a market leader in the furniture industry because of its ability to provide superior product at an affordable rate; backed by a strong customer support system. h. Flexibility: The ability to change swiftly is a  strength and source of sustained competitive advantage that Microsoft  leveraged upon to become the largest software company in the world. i. Low pricing: Wal-Mart as at the time of this writing is the most capitalized company in the world. Thanks to its low pricing strategy that became its strong source of competitive advantage.

Book Review: Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment

Crime and Punishment Novel Responses â€Å"He was so immersed in himself and had isolated himself so much from everyone that he was afraid not only of meeting his landlady but of meeting anyone at all. He was crushed by poverty; but even his strained circumstances had lately ceased to burden him. † By portraying the protagonist as an individual who is going through major suffering, Dostoevsky allows the audience to establish that Raskolnikov is beginning to detach and isolate himself from the world, thus allowing the audience to understand his actions later on in the novel.The second sentence creates a sense of apathy because even though he is â€Å"crushed by poverty†, the circumstances that he faces â€Å"ceased to burden him†. â€Å"Raskolnikov had a terrible dream†¦ To shouts of ‘Giddap! ’ the little mare starts pulling with all her might, but she can scarcely manage a slow walk, much less a gallop†¦ ‘Take an axe to her! Finish h er off fast,’ shouts a third†¦ The nag stretches out her muzzle, heaves a deep sigh, and dies†¦ ‘Papa! What did they†¦ kill†¦ the poor horse for! ’ [Raskolnikov] sobs, but his breath fails, and the words burst like cries from his straining chest.Chindasook2 Dostoevsky uses the story of the murder of the horse to foreshadow the oncoming violence that will happen later on in the novel. The author conveys this scene to be very graphic by using imagery, and this accentuates the concept of guilt that Raskolnikov feels about committing a crime, thus suggesting that it is not his nature to be violent, however the suffering that he has encountered has driven him to the point of violence. â€Å"Kill her and take her money, so that afterwards with its help you can devote yourself to the service of all mankind and the common cause’†¦ Of course, she doesn’t deserve to be alive,’†¦ † Raskolnikov overheard this conversa tion between men in a bar, which shows that it isn’t a coincidence as he was also contemplating doing a similar act himself. This conversation allowed Raskolnikov to create more of a reason for him to commit the crime as he now knows that he is not the only one that considered this. Dostoevsky uses this to accentuate the protagonist’s eagerness to carry out actions in which he believes are appropriate, even if it is morally and legally wrong. â€Å"Here a strange thought came into his head: perhaps all his clothes were covered ith blood, perhaps there were stains all over them, and he simply did not see, did not notice them, because his reason was failing, going to pieces†¦ his mind darkening† Doestoevsky uses a limited omniscient narrator to convey Raskolnikov’s deteriorating state of mind and descend into insanity. By displaying Raskolnikov’s thought process, Doestoevsky is able convey the overwhelming guilt that is clouding Raskolnikov†™s mind. The author depicts the frantic nature in which Raskolnikov sees himself thus portraying a sense of paranoia and the burden of the crime in which he committed.Chindasook3 Where was it,’ Raskolnikov thought as he walked on, ‘where was it that I read about a man condemned to death saying or thinking, an hour before his death, that if he had to live somewhere high up on a cliffside, on a ledge so narrow that there was room only for his two feet–and with the abyss, the ocean, eternal darkness, eternal solitude, eternal storm all around him–and had to stay like that, on a square foot of space, an entire lifetime, a thousand years, an eternity–it would be better to live so than to die right now!Only to live, to live, to live! To live, no matter how–only to live! ’ The author portrays the internal conflict that Raskolnikov is experiencing about whether or not to confess through the juxtaposition of life and death. Dostoevsky uses th e metaphor of the man on the ledge to depict an image of how Raskolnikov’s life would turn out to be if he holds on to his secret.However, the epistrophe of the phrase â€Å"to live† enunciates the internal conflict that the protagonist is experiencing as he would rather live a life of depression and guilt over choosing death, but he is constantly trying to free himself from this guilt, thus creating an internal conflict as he can clearly justify confessing, but is terrified of death and therefore tries to convince himself to choose to â€Å"live†. Raskolnikov’s eyes were flashing; he became terribly pale; his upper lip twitched and began to tremble. He leaned as close to Zamyotov as he could and began moving his lips without uttering anything; this went on for half a minute or so; he was aware of what he was doing, but could not stop himself. A terrible word was trembling on his lips, like the hook on that door: another moment and it would jump out; anot her moment and it would let go; another moment and it would be spoken! Chindasook4Anaphora and Parallelism are used to intensify Raskolnikov’s thought process and accentuate the protagonist’s inability to control his feelings about the murder whilst discussing the issue. Raskolnikov makes it clear throughout the conversation that he has a large interest in this issue, making it appear that he is on the verge of confession. The parallelism through the use of semi colons accentuate that Raskolnikov is aware that he may be at risk of confessing as his desire to be free of this guilt overwhelms him.Dostoevsky also uses anaphora through the phrase â€Å"another moment† to further enunciate Raskolnikov’s uncontrollable urge to confess as it keeps coming up in his mind. â€Å"Pride and self-confidence were growing in him every moment; with each succeeding moment he was no longer the man he had been the moment before. What special thing was it however, that had so turned him around? He himself did not know; like a man clutching at a straw, he suddenly fancied that he, too, ‘could live, that there still was life, that his life had not died with the old crone. It was perhaps a rather hasty conclusion, but he was not thinking of that,† Dostoevsky uses words such as â€Å"self confidence† and â€Å"pride† to suggest how Raskolnikov has developed a sense of confidence that will help him overcome his desire to confess. The protagonist is still battling internal conflict, but encounters a moment of clarity after Marmeladov’s death, which makes him realise that his desire to live overpowers his will to confess, thus creating a tone of hope. Chindasook5 Not that he understood it, but he sensed clearly, with all the power of sensation, that it was no longer possible for him to address these people in the police station, not only with heartfelt effusions, as he had just done, but in any way at all, and had they been h is own brothers and sisters, and not police lieutenants, there would still have been no point in this addressing them, in whatever circumstances of life† This quote illustrates Raskolinov’s sudden realisation that that fact that he has murdered Alyona and Lizaveta, he has isolated himself from society as the bounds that formerly kept him tied to the rest of society has been over stepped. Furthermore, this quote suggests that Raskolinov displays no empathy for those around him as he was able to carry out the murders. The fact that it as no longer possible for him to address the people in the police station solidifies his isolation and suggests that guilt has overcome him at this point. â€Å"What came of it was that I tore my caftan in two, shared it with my neighbor, and we were both left half naked, in accordance with the russian proverb which says:   if you chase several hares at once, you won’t overtake any of them. But science says:   Love yourself befor e all because everything in the world is based on self-interest. If you love only yourself, you will set your affairs up properly, and your caftan will also remain in one piece. And economic truths adds that the more properly arranged personal affairs and, so to speak, whole caftans there are in society, the firmer its foundations are and the better arranged its common cause.It follows that by aqcuiring solely and exclusively for myself, I am thereby precisely acquiring for everyone, as it were, and working so that my neighbor will have something more than a torn caftan, not from private, isolated generosities now, but as a result of universal prosperity† Chindasook6 Through the juxtaposition between Luzhin’s egotism and Raskolnikov’s attempt to become selfless, the author implies that the reason the two do not get along is due to their different fundamental morals. Luhzin’s true intentions of marrying Dunya is revealed to be simply out of self-interest, w hilst Raskolnikov’s â€Å"immoral† murder was for the greater good of others, thus opposing Luzhin’s morals.Raskolnikov is hesitant in his own beliefs, therefore Luzhin causes him to further doubt his morals, and thus leading him to doubt whether or not the murder could be justified as a selfless act. â€Å"what can I tell you? I have known Rodion for a year and a half: sullen, gloomy, arrogant, proud; recently (and maybe much earlier) insecure and hypochondriac. Magnamious and kind. Doesn’t like voicing his feelings, and would rather do something cruel than speak his heart out in words. At times, however, he’s not hypochondriac at all, but just inhumanely cold and callous, as if there really were two opposite characters in him, changing places with each other† Dostoevsky further develops Raskolnikov’s inner conflict through this conversation between his mother, sister and Razumikhin.The internal conflict has now become apparent to hi s friend as he explains the juxtaposition within Raskolnikov’s personality, which shocks his family as it becomes evident that he was not always this way, implying that his split personality was brought on by the guilt and conflicts from the murder. Chindasook7 The old woman was nearly a sickness†¦ I was in a hurry to step over†¦ it wasn’t a human being I killed, it was a principal! So I killed the principle, but I didn’t step over, I stayed on this side†¦ All I managed to do was kill. And I didn’t even manage that, as it turns out†¦ A principle? Why was that little fool Razumikhin   abusing the socialists today?They’re hardworking, commercial people, concerned with ‘universal happiness’†¦ No, life is given to me only once, and never will be again– I don’t want to sit waiting for universal happiness,   I want to live myself; otherwise it’s better not to live at all Dostoevsky uses the p oint of view of a first person narrator to portray Raskolnikov’s need for justification of his murder in order to find inner peace. The protagonist has been at constant debate about whether or not he has performed a justified action. He manages to convince himself that by murdering the â€Å"principle† and not the person, he did not â€Å"step over† the morals that he strongly believes in as he was only doing it for the greater good of others.Dostoevsky allows the audience to understand Raskolnikov’s thoughts so that they can feel that Raskolnikov has finally been able to let go of a part of the inner turmoil that has overcome him throughout the novel. â€Å"Let him, let him walk around meanwhile, let him; I know all the same that he’s my dear little victim and that he wont run away from me! Where is he going to run to, heh, heh!†¦ What is it, to run away! A mere formality; that’s not the main thing; no, he won’t run away from m e, not just because he has nowhere to run to: psychologically he won’t run away from me, heh, heh! A nice little phrase! He won’t run away on me by a law of nature, even if he has somewhere to run to.Have you ever seen a moth near a candle? Well, so he’ll keep circling around me, circling around me, as around a candle; freedom will no longer be dear to him, he’ll fall to thinking, get entangled, he’ll tangle himself all up as in a net, he’ll worry Chindasook8 himself to death!†¦ What’s more, he himself will prepare some sort of mathematical trick for me, something like two times two-if I merely allow him a slightly longer intermission†¦ And he’ll keep on, he’ll keep on making circles around me, narrowing the radius more and more, and-whop! He’ll fly right into my mouth, and I’ll swallow him, sir, and that will be most agreeable, heh, heh, heh! † Dostoevsky utilises Porfiry’s monologue to suggest that Porfiry knows that Raskolnikov is the killer and that the way to make him confess is to mess with his mind. The metaphor of the moth symbolises how Porfiry believes that Raskolnikov will eventually â€Å"worry himself to death† which will ultimately lead to a confession. Furthermore, Dostoevsky uses anaphora (â€Å" he’ll keep circling around me†) to symbolise the various times that both have discussed about the murder, and that Raskolnikov has thought about confessing many times but hasn’t gone through with it yet. â€Å"God will forgive,’ Raskolnikov replied, and as soon as he uttered it, the tradesman bowed to him, not to the ground this time but from the waist, turned slowly, and walked out of the room. Everything’s double-ended, now everything’s double ended,’ Raskolnikov kept repeating, and he walked out of the room more cheerful than ever. ‘The struggle’s not over yet,’ he said with a spiteful grin, on his way down the stairs. The spite was directed at himself: with scorn and shame he looked back on his faintheartedness’† Raskolnikov is confused and does not know how to react to Nikolai’s confession to a murder that he didn’t commit. The juxtaposition of the â€Å"spiteful grin† accentuates how Raskolnikov feels that the right thing to do is to confess and therefore this situation where he is no longer suspected makes him feel relieved but ashamed of his â€Å"faintheartedness†.The phrase â€Å"the struggle’s not over yet† enunciates how he still can’t shake the feeling of guilt and realises Chindasook9 that even though he was not convicted now, there is still a great possibility of him being convicted in the future as he is unable to live with the guilt and burden. â€Å" I did not kill so that, having obtained means and power I could become a benefactor of mankind. Nonsense! I simply killed-killed for myself, for myself alone-and whether I would later become anyone’s benefactor, or would spend my life like a spider, catching everyone in my web and sucking the life-sap out of everyone, should at that moment have made no difference to me!†¦And it was not money above all that I wanted when I killed, Sonya; not money so much as something else†¦ I know all this now†¦ Understand me: perhaps, continuing on the same path, I would never again repeat the murder. There was something else I wanted to know; something else was nudging my arm. I wanted to find out then, and find out quickly, whether I was a louse like all the rest, or a man? Would I be able to step over or not? Would I dare to reach down and take, or not? Am I a trembling creature or do I have a right†¦ † Dostoevsky uses a simile to compare Raskolnikov’s life with that of a spider’s to allow Raskolnikov to realise that the real motive behind the murders.By having Raskolnikov c onfess to Sonya, the author enunciates the idea of Raskolnikov murdering for himself instead of the greater good of others as he initially told himself that he had murdered the pawn lady for her money, but hasn’t ever thought about the money once. Dostoevsky adds many elipses to show the protagonist’s train of thought in which he hasn’t fully understood why he did those things. Ultimately, Raskolnikov now realises that he does not have the right to murder another individual, contrary to his previous beliefs, and that he finally knows that his actions were more selfish than he wanted them to be. Chindasook10 How it happened he himself did not know, but suddenly it was as if something lifted him and flung him down at her feet.He wept and embraced her knees. For the first moment she was terribly frightened, and her whole face went numb. She jumped up and looked at him, trembling. But all at once, in that same moment, she understood everything. Infinite happiness li t up in her eyes; she understood, and for her there was no longer any doubt that he loved her, loved her infinitely, and that at last the moment had come. . . . The significance of this moment is very personal as Sonya finally realises that Raskolnikov truly loves her. The moment is ironic as the tears that he shed symbolises both the grief over his sins and the joy that he has finally broken free from his social isolation.The mood of the moment is that of melancholic joy as his newly discovered passion and love allows him to finally find a meaning to life, however he still needs to repent for his crimes. â€Å"Go at once, this very minute, stand at the cross-roads, bow down, first kiss the earth which you have defiled, and then bow down to all the world and say to all men aloud, ‘I am a murderer! ‘ Then God will send you life again. Will you go, will you go? After Raskolnikov admits that when he murdered the pawnbroker, he has discovered that his is indeed a â€Å"lou se† like everyone else, and asks Sonya what to do. Sonya’s quote reveals how she truly cares for him and wants him to do the right thing.Dostoevsky uses a hyperbole to allow the audience to see that Sonya is desperately trying to persuade Raskolnikov to repent his sins, as she asks him to â€Å"bow down to all the world†. This evokes pathos for Raskolnikov Chindasook11 as the sin he has committed is far too large to ask for forgiveness, and for Sonya as the man she loves has disappointed her to a great extent. â€Å"Actions are sometimes performed in a masterly and most cunning way, while the direction of the actions is deranged and dependent on various morbid impressions-it's like a dream. † Raskolnikov is surprised at the fact that he had just killed the pawnbroker, but even more so her step daughter.Dostoevsky uses a simile to compare Raskolnikov’s actions to that of a dream to enunciate the disbelief that Raskolnikov is experiencing as he cannot believe that he had just committed the crime. â€Å"Life is real! Haven't I lived just now? My life has not yet died with that old woman! The  Kingdom  of Heaven to her-and now enough, madam, leave me in peace! Now for the reign of reason and  light†¦ and of will, and of strength†¦ and now we will see! We will try our strength! † Raskolnikov realises that even if another person sins, it is unjust for one to end their lives as everyone deserves to live their lives the way they desire. As he speaks with Polenka, he convinces himself that although he has committed a crime, he too still deserves to live, and through will and strength he will make it through this situation.The author uses___ to convey the fact that Raskolnikov still has hope in his life. â€Å"I see that I want nothing. Do you hear? Nothing at all . . . no one's services . . . no one's sympathy. I am by myself . . . alone. Come, that's enough. Leave me alone. After Raskolnikov buries the goods he stole from the pawn broker, he decides to visit his friend Razumihin. Initially, it seems as though he wanted to ask his friend for advice about the murders, however he quickly decides against it. Dostoevsky uses anaphora to accentuate Chindasook12 how isolated the protagonist feels at this moment, thus depicting the beginning of his spiral downwards into guilt.The repetition of the word â€Å"alone† displays the use of and further enunciates his isolation. â€Å"Early one evening during an exceptional heat wave in the beginning of July, a young man walked out into the street from the little room he rented from tenants on S. Place and slowly almost irresolutely, set off in the direction of K. Bridge. Dostoevsky describes the protagonist’s walking as â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"irresolutely†, suggesting that Raskolnikov is still uncertain about murdering the pawnbroker, thus depicting that he still has doubts and uncertainties in his mind about the situation . The setting is also portrayed as that of an intense feeling, thus suggesting the effect of the burden that the situation has on the protagonist. †¦all is in a man's hands and he lets it all slip from cowardice, that's an axiom. It would be interesting to know what it is men are most afraid of. † The author uses aphorism to convey Raskolnikov’s thought that men are actually capable of doing what they desire, however the thing that holds them back are their fears. Dostoevsky uses a first person narrator in this instance to allow the audience to understand the protagonist’s thoughts and understand that the protagonist is wondering what man’s greatest fear is, thus conveying the tone of doubt which suggests irresolute feelings. â€Å"But I can't know the Divine Providence. . . . And why do you ask what can't be answered? What's the use of such foolish questions?How could it happen that it should depend on my decision–who has made me a judge to d ecide who is to live and who is not to live? Chindasook13 This shows that Sonya doesn’t believe in Raskolnikov’s theory about how some men are more â€Å"extraordinary† than others. Dostoevsky uses analogy to compare the actions of Raskolnikov as one who believes he is a â€Å"Divine Providence†. Furthermore, the author uses allusion to enunciate how farfetched the situation is, that Sonya does have a point as one does not deserve the right to play God. The rhetorical questions also further emphasise how she is trying to persuade him to change his mind and believe her, as his theory is clearly arguable. â€Å"Pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart.The really great men must, I think, have great sadness on earth. † Pain and suffering are constant themes that are present throughout the novel. Dostoevsky uses Sonya is a symbol to represent this motif as every time Raskolnikov talks to her, she seems to expres s sympathy for Raskolnikov and experience suffering from watching someone she loves commit a crime. Raskolnikov believed that Extraordinary Men are vulnerable to suffering as well, as they have a greater understanding of their actions, thus he believes that it is himself that suffers the most as no one else understands why he did what he did. â€Å"The darker the night, the brighter the stars, The deeper the grief, the closer is God! †Dostoevsky uses anaphora to foreshadow that there is still hope for the protagonist as he has now began his descend into the downward spiral of guilt and dismay. He struggles with the debate of whether or not a confession would be the right thing to do, of whether he would rather live a life trapped by the secret that he holds, or die by admitting to the crime thus writing his own death sentence. Juxtaposition is also used to convey the idea that there is still hope for everyone, even in their darkest moments. Chindasook14 And the more I drink t he more I feel it. That's why I drink too. I try to find sympathy and feeling in drink†¦. I drink so that I may suffer twice as much! † The repetition of â€Å"drink† suggests that this is a daily routine for Marmeladov.This quote enunciates the character’s inability to feel emotionally connected to the rest of society, and thus turns to drinking to help him feel some sort of emotion. The repetition of the word â€Å"drink† also suggests that Marmeladov feels emotionally isolated everyday of his life, and therefore evokes pathos for the the character, as the audience realises that Marmeladov is unable to feel these emotions, thus may not know the extent of his actions at times. â€Å"What did they amount to, all those torments! Everything–even his crime, even sentence and exile–seemed to him now, in his first outburst of feeling, strange and superficial, as though it had not actually happened to him†¦ Life replaced logic, and in hi s consciousness something quite different now had to elaborate and articulate itself. †This quote suggests that Raskolnikov is trying to overcome his social anxiety, that he has finally shed a new light on the situation that he is in. He ceases his search for the â€Å"new word† and attempts to accept the true word instead. Dostoevsky creates a tone of hope through the phrase â€Å"life replaced logic†, which suggests that Raskolnikov is now able to feel emotions A loose sentence is also used in to enunciate how difficult it was for the protagonist to feel these emotions and how all the suffering had amounted to this sudden clarity. Chindasook15 â€Å"When reason fails, the devil helps! † As Raskolnikov thought he couldn’t obtain the axe, he notices the axe underneath a bench, and therefore causes him to exclaim this claim.This quote also foreshadows the sin that he is about to commit, and also implies that the action is not backed by reason, but is rather influenced by the â€Å"devil†. â€Å"Well, if he’s proud of it, he has reason, I don’t deny it. You seem to be offended, sister, at my making only such a frivolous criticism on the letter, and to think that I speak of such trifling matters on purpose to annoy you. It is quite the contrary, an observation apropos of the style occurred to me that is by no means irrelevant as things stand. There is one expression, ‘blame yourselves’ put in very significantly and plainly, and there is besides a threat that he will go away at once if I am present.That threat to go away is equivalent to a threat to abandon you both if you are disobedient, and to abandon you now after summoning you to Petersburg. Well, what do you think? Can one resent such an expression from Luzhin, as we should if he (he pointed to Razumihin) had written it, or Zossimov, or one of us? † When the protagonist receives his mothers letter, he despises the situation that is ha ppening to his family. Raskolnikov’s mood suggests that detests being unable to help himself, as he refuses to accept his mother’s pension. The news that his sister is getting married to Pyotr upsets him, because he knows that Pyotr is simply using the family’s poverty to gain a â€Å"legal concubine†. Raskolnikov also reveals in this chapter that he has a large amount of pride in himself. Chindasook16For that's Katerina Ivanovna's character, and when children cry, even from hunger, she falls to beating them at once. Even though Katerina is constantly portrayed as a heartless character, this line evokes pathos for her. This is due to the fact that her kids remain loyal to her and despite the way that she treats them, they still love her. Her abuse is portrayed as indications of her illness and her poverty, therefore she is not entirely monstrous, however he conditions have forced her to become this way. â€Å"No, mother, it shall never be, not whilst I l ive. I will not have it. † This quote shows Raskolnikov’s attitude towards Dunya’s engagement. It reveals Raskolnikov’s pride for himself.The devoting actions of his mother and sister who were willing to make sacrifices for him may be interpreted as a contribution towards his haughtiness. This reaction to Dunya’s engagement further accentuates his egotism as he disregards the possibility that Dunya could be marrying Luzhin to provide a better life for her and her mother, and automatically assumes that she is marrying Luzhin for his sake. Good-bye, till we meet then—I embrace you warmly, warmly, with many kisses. Yours till death, PULCHERIA RASKOLNIKOV. This reveals that Pulcheria really loves her son, and that a major part of his identity relies on her success as being a parent, therefore when she learns about the crimes that her son has committed, her identity is shattered.Pulcheria callously foreshadows her death in the letter through the s ign off, and also declares how much she loves her son. ‘ So it is true that men going to execution are passionately interested in any object they chance to see on the way. ‘ Chindasook17 Dostoevsky uses a first person narrator to allow the audience to see the attitude that Raskolnikov has towards coming close to being executed. This quote suggests that men who are about to be executed tend to have a greater appreciation towards common things, and will cling onto anything that will give them hope. But of  that  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ of  that  he [Raskolnikov] had no recollection, and yet every minute he felt that he had forgotten something he ought to remember.He worried and tormented himself trying to remember. As Raskolnikov awakens from his illness, his reality is seemingly confused as he apparently has forgotten the things that he wishes he would forget. Dostoevsky foreshadows how the situation is tormenting the protagonist, and accentuates the guilt that lies within his t houghts because even though he seems to not remember, he still feels as if he’s forgetting something. â€Å"His thoughts strayed aimlessly†¦. He found it hard to fix his mind on anything at that moment. He longed to forget himself altogether, to forget everything, and then to wake up and begin life anew†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dostoevsky portrays the protagonist as being lost in his thoughts.He conveys the conflict that Raskolnikov is experiencing through the ellipsis, suggesting that Raskolnikov is deep in thought and trying to prolong his time to think about this. Paradox is used between how his thoughts strayed aimlessly yet he longed to forget them, enunciating the fact that he feels conflicted with the situation that is in. â€Å"I did not bow down to you [Sonia], I bowed down to all the suffering of humanity,† he said wildly and walked away to the window. Chindasook18 At first appearance, Raskolnikov seems to be romantically deatched to Sonya. He frequently displays these types of comments right after he throws himself at her feet, which often happens a lot.However, this quote shows that Raskolnikov views Sonya as a symbol of everyoby’s suffering. â€Å"Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her asset, so to speak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of. † Semyonovitch views Sonya;s prostitution differently to the others. He analyses her proceedings as a practical action to help herself alleviate the suffering. Dostoevsky uses a loose sentence to convey this, as Semyonovitch believes that the suffering of prostitution is a better alternative to the suffering of starving. Allow me to ask you another question out of simple curiosity: have you ever spent a night on a hay barge, on the Neva?Marmeladov lets Raskolnikov know that his home life is so unbearable, that he would rather leave and sleep out on the streets. This conveys the theme of the problems in a household, and accentuates the f act that the crisis in is home is caused by none other than himself. Marmeladov knows this fact, yet does not know how to turn this around. And, of course, too, he [Pyotr Petrovitch Luzhin] did love Dunya in his own way; he already possessed her in his dreams – and all at once! No! The next day, the very next day, it must all be set right, smoothed over, settled This reveals that Luzhin needs a reality check due to the fact that his fantasy of Dunya is by far removed from the reality of the situation. Dostoevsky uses dramatic irony to convey this. Chindasook19Furthermore, Dostoevsky gives the character a form of his own reality check by shortly removing Luzhin from the novel without any explanation. â€Å"Surely it isn't beginning already! Surely it isn't my punishment coming upon me? It is! † Just after the murder, Raskolnikov is fixated over the possible evidence that he left by committing his crime. Dostoevsky uses the phrase â€Å"coming upon me† as a metaph or to suggest that his punishment is being indicated by a force of justice, possibly God, thus also meaning that allusion was also used to convey God. Another interpretation could also be that Raskolnikov is personifying punishment as a force of justice itself. â€Å"Good God! † [Katerina] cried with flashing eyes, â€Å"is there no justice upon earth? Whom should you protect if not us orphans? â€Å"Dostoevsky emphasises the theme of the lack of justice for children, predominantly orphans, throughout the novel. This attitude allows the reader to relate to the story as everyone is familiar with the concept of the life of an orphan. This is a particularly well chosen example due to the fact that it is difficult to find a concept where â€Å"fairness† and â€Å"justice† have meaning. â€Å"You must fulfill the demands of justice. I know that you don't believe it, but indeed, life will bring you through. You will live it down in time. What you need now is fresh air, fresh air, fresh air! † The repetition of fresh air enunciates the urge for Raskolnikov to start a fresh. Fresh air† is used as a symbol to portray the fresh air of hard labour in the Siberian prison camp, which seems to be beneficial for Raskolnikov. This quote shows that Porfiry uses a metaphor to try Chindasook20 to convince Raskolnikov that by serving criminal justice, he can provide himself with a sense of personal justice, which will allow him to begin a new life. It was only in that that he [Raskolnikov] recognised his criminality, only in the fact that he had been unsuccessful and had confessed it. Although Raskolnikov never actually admits to regretting his actions of injustice before prison, there is a copious amount of evidence to argue an implied regret. Nonetheless, at this moment, the protagonist still views Alyona and Lizaveta as creatures instead of humans.This is shown through him stating his inability to bring a positive connotation to the murders, thus leading him to confessing, and establishing the murders as crimes as well as establishing himself as a criminal. â€Å"Am I to get married simply for the sake of the furniture? † Dostoevsky uses an anecdote to create a humourous affect to allow the reader to emphatise with Luzhin at this moment in the novel. This anecdote conveys the fact that Luzhin has gone through quite some trouble to set up a nice home for Dunya, however he wants her there as a slave, thus conveying the irony in the anecdote. â€Å"He was one of the numerous and varied legion of dullards, of half-animated abortions, conceited, half-educated coxcombs, who attach themselves to the idea most in fashion only to vulgarize it and who caricature every cause they serve, however sincerely. †They [Raskolnikov and Sonia] were renewed by love; the heart of each held infinite sources of life for the heart of the other. Chindasook21 This quote shows juxtaposition from the rest of the novel. Dostoevsky gav e the audience the ending that was hoped for, and accentuated the motif that there is hope for everyone in the end. Furthermore, this also enunciates the strength of the bond that Raskolnikov and Sonya have for each other, and that Sonya was faithful and had been willing to suffer and wait for the only man she truly loves. â€Å"There is nothing in the world more difficult than candor, and nothing easier than flattery. If there is a hundredth of a fraction of a false note to candor, it immediately produces dissonance, and as a result, exposure.But in flattery, even if everything is false down to the last note, it is still pleasant, and people will listen not without pleasure; with coarse pleasure, perhaps, but pleasure nevertheless. † Svidrigailov is highly competent in the ways of seduction, and his actions horrify Raskolnikov. Dostoevsky uses juxtaposition in the phrase to accentuate the difference between flattery and candor, and the irony in which people tend to appreciat e flattery more than candor, even if they realise that flattery is just a way of trying to get someone to do something that one desires. â€Å"But at the same time he knew now and knew for certain that, although it filled her with dread and suffering, yet she had a tormenting desire to read and to read to  him  that he might hear it, and to read  now  whatever might come of it! †This quote may seem very perplexing at first glance, however, it further accentuates Sonya’s symbolism to suffering, as even a simple task of reading to Raskolnikov causes her to suffer. She is portrayed to be terrified of reading to him; yet she badly wants to do so. This also Chindasook22 further accentuates Sonya’s love for Raskolnikov as she tries her best to please him. Furthermore, since Raskolnikov was one of Sonya’s father’s only friends at the end of his life, she can also share in mouring her father by reading o Raskolnikov. â€Å"I am all over covered wi th blood† When Raskolnikov talks to the police magistrate, he means both literally and figuratively. He had just helped out with Marmeladov’s accident, which covered him in blood, and was figuratively covered in blood from murdering Alyona.Dostoevsky uses this to convey the internal conflict in which Raskolnikov is experiencing, thus portraying irony, as he essentially comes very close to confessing to a police officer about his crime. â€Å"I've just been kissed by someone who, if I had killed anyone, would just the same†¦ in fact I saw someone else there†¦ with a flame-coloured feather. † Raskolnikov had just kissed Polenka, Sonya’s sister, and this quote suggests Rasklnikov’s attraction to Sonya. Sonya has made such a big impression on Raskolnikov as even when he kissed Polenka, he â€Å"saw someone else there†. Dostoevsky uses the metaphor of the flame coloured feathers to convey vivid imagery and imply that Sonya has remained i n Raskolnikov’s mind as an attractive person. I used to analyse myself down to the last thread, used to compare myself with others, recalled all the smallest glances, smiles and words of those to whom I’d tried to be frank, interpreted everything in a bad light, laughed viciously at my attempts ‘to be like the rest’ –and suddenly, in the midst of my laughing, I’d give way to sadness, fall into ludicrous despondency and once again start the whole process all over again – in short, I went round and round like a squirrel on a wheel. †Ã‚   Chindasook23 Dostoevsky uses a simile at the end of this quote to emphasise the infinite cycle that the protagonist experiences through being trapped by comparison. The phrase â€Å"used to† conveys the fact that he is now looking back on his negative thoughts and reflecting on the type of person he used to be, suggesting that he has now moved on from this point in life.The irony in the phra se â€Å"laughed viciously at my attempts to be like the rest† further emphasises that he felt innately excluded from the rest of society, and the juxtaposition between laughing and sadness further accentuates the idea in which Raskolnikov is at the two extremes of insanity, implying that he was not like everyone else. â€Å"I do not withdraw from my chief point. It is me or Luzhin. If I am a scoundrel, you must not be. One is enough. If you marry Luzhin, I cease at once to look on you as a sister. † Raskolnikov takes on the stereotypical role of the protective big brother in this instance. He believes that his sister deserves better than Luzhin, which also implies that he furtively believes that no one is good enough for his sister. His egocentric behaviour also suggests he believes that his sister is doing this for the sole purpose of alleviating his suffering and thus feels like he is responsible for his sister’s suffering in the future. I am  Rodion  Rom anovitch  Raskolnikov,  formerly  a  student, Ilive  in  Shil's  house, not far  from  here,  flat  Number  14, ask the porter, he  knows  me. †Ã‚  Raskolnikov  said  all  this  in a  lazy,dreamy  voice, not  turning  round, but  looking  intently  into  the darkening  street. This quote foreshadows Raskolnikov’s descend into the guilt that the murder has caused him. Dostoevsky uses the darkening street as a metaphor to convey that the future that lies ahead for Raskolnikov is a dark and unsettling place, and he needs to find a way to get out of it. Moreover, the fact that Raskolnikov answers the answers the question in a very lethargic way Chindasook24 implies that he has not yet realised the extent of his actions, and the word â€Å"dreamy† suggests that he does not believe that this is reality yet.There was lack of precaution on both sides, however, for Porfiry Petrovitch seemed to be laughing in his visito r's face and to be very little disturbed at the annoyance with which the visitor received it. The latter fact was very significant in Raskolnikov's eyes: he saw that Porfiry Petrovitch had not been embarrassed just before either, but that he, Raskolnikov, had perhaps fallen into a trap; that there must be something, some motive here unknown to him; that, perhaps, everything was in readiness and in another moment would break upon him . . As Raskolnikov discloses to Porfiry that he realises the type of â€Å"cat and mouse† game that he is playing, Porfiry attempts to detain Raskolnikov by evealing that he knows things about the protagonist, such as his trip to the crime scene. This suggests that Porfiry presumably knows more that he lets on, and has the authority to arrest Raskolnikov at any time, thus implying that Porfiry is doing this out of a â€Å"sincere liking† for Raskolnikov and to make the protagonist aware of the error in his theory. â€Å"It matters nothing, sir. This wagging of heads does not discountenance me, for all these things are already known to everybody and all secrets are revealed, and I bear myself in this matter with humility, not with scorn. Suffer them, suffer them! ‘Behold the man! ’ Allow me to ask, young man, can you . . . say with conviction that I am not a swine? †Dostoevsky portrays many allusions through the character of Marmeladov, he seems to be the connection of the story to biblical parallels. Many lines in this quote correlate with biblical parallels, as in the paradox of the Christian story, it is when Marmeladov has nothing left which is the moment that he puts his faith in the hands of God. Chindasook25 No, Dunechka, I see it all, and I know . . . what you were thinking of, while you paced the room all night, and what you prayed for, kneeling before the icon of Our Lady of Kazan in mama’s room. The way to Golgotha is hard Dostoevsky’s story contains a sacrificial victim obt aining money earned from public degradation of her body.Sonya’s offering of her own body for a public offering creates an allusion which correlates to the bodily sacrifice of Jesus’ public death on the cross. Moreover, this biblical parallel is further accentuated by Raskolnikov’s sister, Dunya, who intends to marry a terribly unsophisticated character, Luzhin, for the sake of her family. â€Å"[Svidrigailov’s] evil-doings could not be of the same kind. † Here we see that Raskolnikov is confused, after his confession to Sonya, the protagonist is suddenly drawn to Svidrigailov without realising that he represents an aspect of the protagonist’s character. Svidrigailov has recurrently affirmed that they had something in common, thus making Raskolnikov feel as if they have a bond, even though he despises Svidrigailov for his flirtatious ways.However, this thought made Raskolnikov rather repulsed by thinking of Sonya, as he feels for her differen tly than how Svidrigailov treats his women, and eventually attempts to convince himself that even though he murdered someone, they sin differently to each other as Raskolnikov still is able to experience the feelings of love for another being. Chindasook26 â€Å"He is morose, gloomy, proud and haughty, and of late — and perhaps for a long time before — he has been suspicious and fanciful. He has a noble nature and a kind heart; he does not like showing his feelings and would rather do a cruel thing than open his heart freely. . . It's as though he were alternating between two characters. † In a morbid condition, dreams are often distinguished by their remarkably graphic, vivid, and extremely lifelike quality. The resulting picture is sometimes monstrous, but the setting and the whole process of the presentation sometimes happen to be so probable, and with details so subtle, unexpected, yet artistically consistent with the whole fullness of the picture, that even the dreamer himself would be unable to invent them in reality, though he were as much an artist as Pushkin or Turgenev. Such dreams, morbid dreams, are always long remembered and produce a strong impression on the disturbed and already excited organism of the person. Raskolnikov had a terrible dream. †Such dreams, morbid dreams, are always long remembered and produce a strong impression on the disturbed and already excited organism of the person – this indicates his guilt as well as inner turmoil to which â€Å"morbid dreams† disturb his sub conscious state. The resulting picture is sometimes monstrous, but the setting and the whole process of the presentation sometimes happen to be so probable, and with details so subtle, unexpected, yet artistically consistent with the whole fullness of the picture, that even the dreamer himself would be unable to invent them in reality. The horrors committed are so malevolent and wrong that it is hard to fathom as reality.The word subtle is an oxymoron as the deed itself is not subtle but manifests itself in dreams as a subtle sign of guilt. Chindasook27 â€Å"What do you think? † shouted Razumihin, louder than ever, â€Å"you think I am attacking them for talking nonsense? Not a bit! I like them to talk nonsense. That's man's one privilege over all creation. Through error you come to the truth! I am a man because I err! You never reach any truth without making fourteen mistakes and very likely a hundred and fourteen. And a fine thing, too, in its way; but we can't even make mistakes on our own account! Talk nonsense, but talk your own nonsense, and I'll kiss you for it.To go wrong in one's own way is better than to go right in someone else's. In the first case you are a man, in the second you're no better than a bird. Truth won't escape you, but life can be cramped. There have been examples. And what are we doing now? In science, development, thought, invention, ideals, aims, liberalism, judgme nt, experience and everything, everything, everything, we are still in the preparatory class at school. We prefer to live on other people's ideas, it's what we are used to! Am I right, am I right? † cried Razumihin, pressing and shaking the two ladies' hands. †Ã‚   The fact that raskolikov was â€Å"watching her and following her at her heels† indicates a perverse compulsion and obsession.His lingering on her actions and words suggests that not only is he in love with her, but there is also a deeper and darker side to his affections and alluded to in his passion towards her. The fact that the protagonist struggles to not â€Å"betray his interest† also suggests that he is mentally and physically devoted to her; an obsession of sorts as he has to remind himself and consistently restrain himself. Furthermore the fact that he â€Å"walked on more slowly as though waiting for something† undermines his rampant desires, in truth, he walks slower to catch g limpses of Sonia; his erratic behavior is a result of his ‘love' and passion towards her. This is ironically shown through the tone and pace of his movement that is slow, in contrast to his emotions that are very much active.